Volume 14 | Issue 1 |

 Abstract

Background: The brachial plexus constitutes a complex network of nerves responsible for innervating the upper limb with both motor and sensory signals. This network arises from the spinal nerves located in the cervical and upper thoracic segments. Aim: The aim of this study is to describe the anatomical variations of the brachial plexus in cadavers. Materials & Methods: The study examined the brachial plexus anatomy using forty cadavers. It focused on development, branching, and trajectory, using conventional techniques and magnification. The study recorded anatomical differences including root formation, trunk formation, cord arrangement, divisions, and additional nerve trunks. Digital photographs were taken for further analysis and documentation. Results: The brachial plexus was found in 92% of specimens, with 36% showing deviations in trunk configuration. The most frequent variant was classical "M" pattern (80% of cases), with 4% involving fusion of middle and lower trunks. Divisions and consistent but asymmetric branching patterns were observed in 7% of cases. The medial cord formed in 64% of cases, and an auxiliary lateral cord was noted in 6%. Variations in the median nerve development were noted in 6% of cases, including absence of musculocutaneous nerve in some specimens. Conclusion: Cadaveric investigations reveal variations in the brachial plexus anatomy, highlighting the importance of understanding these differences for surgical, anesthetic, and rehabilitative procedures, particularly in the neck, shoulder, and upper limb regions.

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Upper limb, brachial plexus, spinal nerves, anatomical variations

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Despite the growing emphasis on inclusive education within national and international policy frameworks, the everyday classroom realities of students with disabilities (SwDs) in higher education continue to reflect persistent forms of exclusion. A dedication to equity, flexibility, and accessibility is expressed in laws like India's National Education Policy (2020) and the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (2016). However, there is still a lack of consistency in how these principles are used in the classroom, especially when it comes to the use of technology and the role that educators play in fostering inclusive learning environments. This study goes beyond policy rhetoric to highlight lived realities by critically examining how technological tools and instructor attentiveness jointly impact SwDs' classroom learning experiences. Based on in-depth qualitative interviews with SwDs and institutional observations, the study documents how students interact with lectures on a daily basis, as well as how the--by monitoring pupils, modifying their teaching methods, and proactively guaranteeing accessibility--were perceived as far more inclusive.

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 Keywords

Students with Disabilities, Inclusive Education, Higher Education, Classroom Practices, Assistive Technology, Educational Technology, Teacher Attentiveness, Inclusive Pedagogy, Lived Experiences, Accessibility, and Disability Studies

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Abstract This research paper discusses two highly innovative and relevant areas of modern mathematics: (1) The role of Artificial Intelligence in mathematical research (2) The progress made in the 3-Dimensional Kakeya Conjecture in 2025 This study demonstrates how AI-based technologies are revolutionizing mathematical theories, proofs, and the solutions to complex problems.

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Keywords: AI, Mathematical Research, Progress, New Possibilities!

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Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most frequently encountered infections during pregnancy and poses serious risks to both mother and fetus if left untreated. Early identification of risk factors is essential for prevention and effective management. Objectives: 1. To assess the incidence of urinary tract infection among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in selected rural hospitals of Barabanki district, Uttar Pradesh. 2. To identify the associated factors of urinary tract infection among pregnant women. 3. To determine the association between urinary tract infection and selected socio-demographic variables of pregnant women. 4. To determine the association between urinary tract infection and selected obstetric variables of pregnant women. Methods: A hospital-based descriptive study was conducted among 120 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in selected rural hospitals of Barabanki district. Participants were selected using convenience sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and laboratory urine examination reports. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. Results: The incidence of urinary tract infection was found to be 26.7%. Major associated factors included poor perineal hygiene (61%), inadequate water intake (55%), anemia (46%), previous UTI history (40%), and multiparity (34%). Significant association was observed between UTI and gestational age, hemoglobin level, and hygiene practices (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Urinary tract infection remains a common health problem among pregnant women. Strengthening antenatal screening and educating women about preventive measures can significantly reduce maternal and fetal complications.

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 Keywords

Urinary tract infection, Pregnancy, Antenatal women, Risk factors, Rural health

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most frequently encountered infections during pregnancy and poses serious risks to both mother and fetus if left untreated. Early identification of risk factors is essential for prevention and effective management. Objectives: 1. To assess the incidence of urinary tract infection among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in selected rural hospitals of Indore district, Madhya Pradesh. 2. To identify the associated factors of urinary tract infection among pregnant women. 3. To determine the association between urinary tract infection and selected socio-demographic variables of pregnant women. 4. To determine the association between urinary tract infection and selected obstetric variables of pregnant women. Methods: A hospital-based descriptive study was conducted among 120 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in selected rural hospitals of Indore district, Madhya Pradesh Participants were selected using convenience sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and laboratory urine examination reports. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. Results: The incidence of urinary tract infection was found to be 26.7%. Major associated factors included poor perineal hygiene (61%), inadequate water intake (55%), anemia (46%), previous UTI history (40%), and multiparity (34%). Significant association was observed between UTI and gestational age, hemoglobin level, and hygiene practices (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Urinary tract infection remains a common health problem among pregnant women. Strengthening antenatal screening and educating women about preventive measures can significantly reduce maternal and fetal complications.

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Keywords: Urinary tract infection, Pregnancy, Antenatal women, Risk factors, Rural health

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Background: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is one of the most common medical complications during pregnancy and is associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes if left untreated. Physiological and anatomical changes during pregnancy increase the susceptibility of antenatal women to UTIs. Objectives: 1. To assess the prevalence of urinary tract infection among antenatal women attending selected hospitals of Safedabad, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh. 2. To identify the risk factors associated with urinary tract infection among antenatal women. 3. To determine the association between urinary tract infection and selected socio-demographic variables of antenatal women. 4. To determine the association between urinary tract infection and selected obstetric variables of antenatal women. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 antenatal women attending selected hospitals of Safedabad, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh. A non-probability convenience sampling technique was used. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire to assess socio-demographic variables and risk factors, along with urine routine examination and culture reports. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The prevalence of UTI among antenatal women was found to be 28%. Common risk factors identified were poor perineal hygiene (64%), inadequate fluid intake (58%), previous history of UTI (42%), multiparity (36%), anemia (48%), and sexual activity during pregnancy without adequate hygiene (31%). A significant association was found between UTI and gestational age, parity, personal hygiene practices, and anemia status (p < 0.05). Conclusion: UTI is prevalent among antenatal women and is strongly associated with modifiable risk factors. Early screening, health education, and promotion of hygienic practices can significantly reduce the burden of UTI during pregnancy.

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 Keywords

Urinary tract infection, Antenatal women, Prevalence, Risk factors, Pregnancy

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Background: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is one of the most common medical complications during pregnancy and is associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes if left untreated. Physiological and anatomical changes during pregnancy increase the susceptibility of antenatal women to UTIs. Objectives: 1. To assess the prevalence of urinary tract infection among antenatal women attending selected hospitals of Indore district, Madhya Pradesh. 2. To identify the risk factors associated with urinary tract infection among antenatal women. 3. To determine the association between urinary tract infection and selected socio-demographic variables of antenatal women. 4. To determine the association between urinary tract infection and selected obstetric variables of antenatal women. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 antenatal women attending selected hospitals of Indore district, Madhya Pradesh. A non-probability convenience sampling technique was used. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire to assess socio-demographic variables and risk factors, along with urine routine examination and culture reports. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The prevalence of UTI among antenatal women was found to be 28%. Common risk factors identified were poor perineal hygiene (64%), inadequate fluid intake (58%), previous history of UTI (42%), multiparity (36%), anemia (48%), and sexual activity during pregnancy without adequate hygiene (31%). A significant association was found between UTI and gestational age, parity, personal hygiene practices, and anemia status (p < 0.05). Conclusion: UTI is prevalent among antenatal women and is strongly associated with modifiable risk factors. Early screening, health education, and promotion of hygienic practices can significantly reduce the burden of UTI during pregnancy.

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Keywords: Urinary tract infection, Antenatal women, Prevalence, Risk factors, Pregnancy

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Data analytics has become a crucial tool for enhancing business decision-making across industries by enabling organizations to transform large volumes of data into meaningful insights. This study examines the use of analytical tools such as Power BI, Tableau, and Python to identify trends, improve operational efficiency, and support strategic planning through a mixed-methods approach that combines secondary data from global business reports with qualitative insights from industry professionals. The findings show that data-driven organizations achieve better performance, faster decision-making, and higher profitability compared to traditional approaches. However, challenges such as data quality issues, privacy concerns, and a lack of skilled professionals limit effective adoption. The study concludes that investing in analytics education, adopting visualization tools, and establishing strong data governance frameworks are essential for sustainable and competitive business intelligence.

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Data Analytics, Business Decision-Making, Business Intelligence, Data Visualization

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Kazuo Ishiguro is renowned for his preoccupation with the fallibility of human memory. This paper examines how Ishiguro employs narrative unrealiability to explore the theme of guilt, trauma and identity in An Artist of the Floating World and When We Were Orphans. By analysing the protagonist Masuji Ono and Christopher Bank this study argues that Ishiguro uses the structure of "detective quest" and the "reminiscent diary" not to uncover objective truth but to illustrate the psychological mechanism of self- deception and the impossibility of fully reconciling personal history with collective national trauma. This research paper explores the intricate narrative technique of Nobel Laureate Kazuo Ishiguro, focusing on his use of unreliable first person narration , ''the texture of memory" and the blurring of historical reality in "An Artist of the Floating World(1986) and When We were Orphans (2000). This research paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the sophisticated narrative strategies employed by Nobel laureate Kazuo Ishiguro in his novels, An Artist Of the Floating World (1986) and When We were Orphans (2000). At the heart of Ishiguro's literary project is an obsession with the fallibility of human memory and psychological mechanism of self- shielding. The study argues that Ishiguro uses "unreliable - person narration" not merely as a structural trope, but as a profound exploration of how individual navigate the intersection of personal guilt and collective national trauma. By examining the protagonist Maxy Ono and Christopher Bank, the paper demonstrates how Ishiguro subverts established literary genres- the "reminiscent diary" and the "detective quest" to illustrate the impossibility of getting objective truth. The analysis delves into the technical nuances of Ishiguro's prose, specifically his use of a particular technique, a stylized, formal distance and cultural displacement. In An Artist of the Floating World, the narrative focus on the "texture of memory" where digression and rhetorical hesitation serve to obscure wartime culpability. In contrast, When we were orphan utilizes a shift from Victorian realism to hallucinatory surrealism to depict the disintegration of the traumatized psyche. Ultimately, this paper highlights that Ishiguro's narrative technique forces the reader to move beyond the text's literal meaning to engage with the underlying meaning of the "silence' and "blind spots'' of the narrator. Through this comparative study, it is revealed that for Ishiguro character, storytelling is a s defensive act of survival- a way to construct a "floating world" or a "heroic myth" that portrays the self from the unbearable weight of reality.

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Narrative technique of Kazuo Ishiguro in context of "When We Were Orphans" and "An Artist of the Floating World

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Mutrashmari (urolithiasis) is a common and distressing urinary disorder described extensively in Ayurvedic classics. Acharya Sushruta considers Mutrashmari as one of the Ashta Mahagada due to its severe pain, recurrent nature, and potential complications. While Shalya Karma (surgical removal) is advised in advanced cases, conservative measures such as Shamana Aushadhi, Kshara Karma, and Viddha Karma play a significant role in early and uncomplicated stages. Viddha Karma, a para-surgical procedure, involves therapeutic pricking at specific anatomical points to relieve obstruction, pain, and spasm of the Mutravaha Srotas. This article highlights the concept, procedure, probable mode of action, indications, and clinical relevance of Viddha Karma in Mutrashmari.

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Mutrashmari, Viddha Karma, Para-surgical procedure, Mutravaha Srotas, Urolithiasis, Ayurveda

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