Volume 14 | Issue 1 |

 Abstract

A family caregiver is a person such as parent, spouse, sibling, relative, friend, neighbor, who provides care to the patient with schizophrenia without any compensation. Burden refers to the significant emotional, physical, social, and financial strain placed on family caregivers to manage the patient with schizophrenia. Daily routines, career, finances, and mental well-being of caregivers disrupt due to maintain their role and responsibilities. Schizophrenia is a severe and disabling mental health disorder that disrupts individual's thought processes, perceptions, emotional responsiveness and social interactions. Caregiver is required when an individual suffering from severe form of physical and mental illness. The responsibility of caregiver is to meet the physical and psychological needs of the dependent patient. Every individual has some basic needs that are essential to maintain quality of life. Caregiver is responsible for meeting the basic needs of patient. As the disease progresses it carries with it a tremendous burden both physically and psychologically on the family members who are giving care. Objective of the review is to explore burden of family caregivers and its associated demographic factors. Systematic literature review was done by using different electronic data base such as Google scholar, Google, PubMed for this review. Several descriptive studies were conducted in this area and observed that caregiver's burden can be objective or subjective. Objective burdens were negative patient symptoms; disruption of the caregiver's domestic routine, social activities and leisure, social isolation, financial and employment difficulties. Subjective burdens were fear, sadness, anger, guilt, loss, stigma and rejection. Most of the caregivers felt burden from moderate to severe. High amount of burden was present in their physical, mental and financial areas. Females were significantly more burdened than males. Age, education, duration of illness, relation with patients was significantly associated with burden. This review will help to understand the level of burden among caregivers of schizophrenia. So that we can conduct different research that will increase their coping ability and resilience which will give importance on prevention of the burden instead of the intervention of caregivers burden.

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 Keywords

Burden, family, caregivers, schizophrenic patient

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Topical drug delivery systems (TDDS) have emerged as a promising alternative to oral and parenteral routes, offering localized drug action with minimal systemic side effects. These systems are particularly useful for treating dermatological conditions like, pain, and infections directly at the site of application. The formulation and development of TDDS involve careful selection of drug candidates, excipients, and delivery vehicles such as gels, creams, ointments, or transdermal patches. Advances in nanotechnology, penetration enhancers, and novel carriers like liposomes and niosomes have significantly improved drug permeation through the skin barrier. Key formulation considerations include drug solubility, stability, skin permeability, and patient compliance. This abstract provides an overview of the principles, challenges, and recent advancements in the formulation and development of topical drug delivery systems, emphasizing the importance of skin physiology, formulation strategies, and evaluation techniques in achieving effective and targeted therapy.

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Penetration enhancers, Dermatological conditions, Penetration enhancers, Liposomes, Niosomes, Nanotechnology.

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The widespread application of fungicides in agriculture has resulted in their frequent detection in aquatic ecosystems, raising serious concerns regarding their impact on non-target aquatic organisms. The present investigation evaluates the acute toxicity of the triazole fungicide tebuconazole and its effects on behavioural responses in the freshwater fish Ctenopharyngodon idella. Acute toxicity bioassays were conducted under laboratory conditions for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h using a static renewal system. Mortality data were analysed using probit analysis to determine median lethal concentrations (LC??). The LC?? values of tebuconazole were found to be 24 mg/L (24 h), 23 mg/L (48 h), 22 mg/L (72 h) and 21 mg/L (96 h), indicating a clear time-dependent increase in toxicity. Behavioural alterations such as erratic swimming, increased opercular movement, surface gulping, loss of equilibrium and lethargy were observed in exposed fish, with severity increasing with concentration and exposure duration. The linear relationship observed in probit regression curves confirms the suitability of probit analysis for LC?? estimation. The findings demonstrate that tebuconazole poses a significant toxic risk to C. idella, even during short-term exposure, highlighting the need for regulated use of this fungicide to prevent ecological damage.

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Ctenopharyngodon idella, Tebuconazole, Acute toxicity, LC??, Probit analysis, Behavioural responses

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Introduction: The report discusses the causes of increased rate of C-section in low-risk pregnancies at the time of covid 19. This research is concerned with understanding the impact of covid-19 1st and 2nd wave on the rate of cesarean section deliveries in low-risk pregnancies. We have discussed about childbirth procedure, global birth rate, complications of pregnancies, data of the centers for disease control and prevention, provisional data of cesarean delivery rate in the years 2019 ,2017,2016, the rate of c-sections at both national and international levels during high risk and low risk pregnancies.

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The Impact Of Covid-19 1st AND 2nd WAVE On The Rate Of Cesarean Deliveries In Low-Risk Pregnancies

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This study investigates the marketing strategies adopted by private hospitals in Wardha district, focusing on branding, digital marketing, and the marketing mix (7Ps). Using interviews, surveys, and secondary data, the research highlights the correlation between marketing strategies and hospital performance in terms of patient inflow, satisfaction, and revenue. Findings suggest that branding and digital outreach significantly enhance patient loyalty, while affordability and service quality remain critical determinants of hospital choice. The study contributes to healthcare marketing literature by emphasizing the role of patient-centered strategies in sustaining hospital growth in semi-urban contexts.

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Healthcare marketing; Branding; Marketing mix; Private hospitals; Wardha district; Patient satisfaction

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Abstract In India, the Panchayati Raj system is considered the cornerstone of democracy. After the 73rd Constitutional Amendment, Gram Panchayats received constitutional recognition. However, recognizing the need for local self-governance in Scheduled Areas in accordance with the traditional systems of tribal communities, the PESA Act, 1996 came into existence. In Maharashtra, Gram Panchayats in 13 districts with a predominant tribal population come under the ambit of the PESA Act. Through this Act, the Gram Sabha has emerged as the supreme decision-making body, while Gram Panchayats have been granted autonomy in matters of local development, resource management, and traditional justice systems. Yet, the crucial question remains: has the implementation of this Act been truly effective across all regions? This requires careful analysis. Tribal areas continue to face several challenges, such as the impact of COVID-19, migration, difficulties in health and education, as well as external interventions over mineral resources. Hence, it becomes important to conduct a realistic study of the implementation of the PESA Act to identify the barriers in empowering Gram Panchayats and to suggest appropriate measures to overcome them. For this research, descriptive and analytical methods have been adopted, and secondary sources have been used for data collection.

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Panchayati Raj, PESA Act, Tribals, COVID-19, Gram Sabha

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There is a deep relation in between pollution and economy, they affect each other equally. Air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution etc. have a negative effect on economy but the marine pollution hit differently. Pollution harm the economic growth. Even not only on economy it leaves the effects on human body and other living organisms also. Sometime medical science also fails to solve it out. Nature gives us a lot of positivity, and in return it gets a bucket of negativity.

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effects of pollution, harm to economy, medical science, nature, relation between pollution and economy, disaster

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A non-experimental research study was aimed to assess the knowledge ofnursing students on prevention of urinary tract infection in Kritika NursingCollege of nursing, Bareilly with objectives to assess the level of knowledge ofnursing students onprevention of urinary tract infection. To find theassociation between knowledge & practice of nursing student with a socio-demographic variables. The study was based on a questionnaire method with40 samples selected by random sampling technique. self-structuralquestionnaire was used for knowledge with score poor (0 - 10), average (10 -20) good (20 - 30) The level of nursing student were assessed by anadministered questionnaire. In the analysis, there was statistically remarkableto the association between practices of staff nurses with the selected sociodemographicvariable. This study conducted that there was a stronglysignificant association between the ages of the nursing student with practiceregarding the prevention of urinary tract infection.

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Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

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 Abstract

शिक्षा वह प्रक्रिया है जो व्यक्ति के भीतर मानसिक, नैतिक और आध्यात्मिक क्षमताओं को विकसित करता है । यह व्यक्ति को आत्मनिर्भर, चरित्रवान और पूर्ण बनाता है, जिससे वह जीवन के संघर्षों का सामना कर सके और समाज के लिए उपयोगी बन सके। ताकि जिसके द्वारा एक समाज अपने संचित ज्ञान कौशल और मूल्यों को एक पीढ़ी से दूसरे तक पहुंचाता रहे है। समय के साथ मनुष्य की आवश्यकताओं के अनुरूप शिक्षा की पद्धतियों में बदलाव हो रहा है। नई शिक्षा नीति इस बदलाव का एक अच्छा उदाहरण है। नई शिक्षा नीति (एनईपी) भारतीय सरकार द्वारा बनाई गई एक योजना है जिसका उद्देश्य छोटे बच्चों से लेकर कॉलेज के छात्रों तक सभी विद्यार्थियों के लिए शिक्षा में सुधार करना है। इसके अंतर्गत नई स्कूल संरचना जिसमे 5+3+3+4 प्रणाली है ,अधिक विषय विकल्प है इसलिए छात्र अपनी पसंद के विषय चुन सकते हैं, जैसे कला और विज्ञान एक साथ। कौशल आधारित शिक्षा जिसमें कोडिंग, संगीत और खेल जैसे व्यावहारिक कौशल अध्ययन का हिस्सा है । अधिक डिजिटल शिक्षा के लिए ऑनलाइन शिक्षा और डिजिटल उपकरणों का उपयोग किया जा रहा है ।

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शिक्षा, परिवर्तन, नई शिक्षा नीति , ऑनलाइन शिक्षा।

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ABSTRACT: Migration has emerged as a critical livelihood strategy for women labourers in India, particularly in regions experiencing uneven development and limited rural employment opportunities. While migration often improves economic participation, the quality of employment and the resulting level of job satisfaction remain uneven and shaped by broader socio-economic structures. This study examines job satisfaction among migrant women labourers through a socio-economic association framework, using empirical evidence from the Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka. Drawing on primary data collected from 400 migrant women labourers, the study applies descriptive statistics and inferential tools such as chi-square and Fisher's exact tests to examine the association between job satisfaction and selected socio-economic variables including age, employment sector, marital status, education, income, accommodation status, and pre-migration economic condition. The findings reveal that age and employment sector have a statistically significant association with job satisfaction, while most other socio-economic variables do not show significant influence. The results highlight that job satisfaction among migrant women labourers is shaped more by structural employment conditions than by individual socio-economic background. The paper contributes to migration and labour studies by providing district-level empirical evidence and offers important policy insights for improving employment quality and well-being among migrant women labourers.

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 Keywords

Keywords: Migration, Migrant Women Labourers, Job Satisfaction, Socio-Economic Factors, Association Analysis

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