Volume 14 | Issue 1 |

 Abstract

The present study aims to understand how 'Dry Texting' might affect the way young adults feel about the safety and stability of their romantic relationships. With the increasing reliance on digital communication in romantic relationships, simple patterns such as short or distant replies can strongly influence perceptions of emotional closeness and security. A correlation research design was used and data were collected from young adults using a self-developed Dry Texting Behaviour Scale (DTBS) and the Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS). The DTBS was developed to assess perceived disengagement and minimal responsiveness in text based communication. Reliability analysis showed excellent internal consistency for both measures, the DTBS (? = .93) and the RAS (? = .91). Descriptive Statistics were calculated, and the skewness and kurtosis values suggested that the data were approximately normally distributed. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between dry texting and relationship security. Results revealed a strong negative correlation between DTBS and RAS scores (r = -.76), indicating that higher levels of dry texting were associated with lower levels of relationship security among young adults. The findings indicate that the quality of digital communication plays a key role in how secure partners feel in their relationships. This study draws attention to the psychological impact of texting styles and other online interaction patterns, underscoring how responsive, warm, and emotionally engaging messages help support and maintain healthy romantic relationships.

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 Keywords

Dry texting Behaviour , Digital Communication , Relationship Security , Romantic Relationships , Emotional Closeness

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 Abstract

The written tradition of Kokborok literature evolved slowly and remained undocumented for a considerable period. A major step toward formal documentation was made with the publication of Kokborma Grammar by Doulat Ahmed in 1897, which is often regarded as the earliest recorded written work in the Kokborok language. However, the participation of women in Kokborok literary writing did not emerge alongside this early development. For many years, women's creative expressions existed largely within the oral tradition and remained absent from written records. The first visible presence of women writers appeared only in 1954, when their works were published in the literary magazine Kwtal Kothoma. Rubi Rung Devi and Nobalaxmi Debbarma stand out as the earliest known women contributors during this period. Rubi Rung Devi's Phunukmukmung, a compilation of riddles rooted in folk culture, and Nobalaxmi Debbarma's Sikla Bai Sikli Rochoblaimai Rochabmung reflect the initial written engagement of women in Kokborok literature. Before these publications, there is no reliable historical evidence of women authors producing written works in the Kokborok language. The entry of women writers introduced new perspectives and themes, drawing from folklore, emotional experiences, nature, and the socio-cultural environment of the community.

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 Keywords

Kokborok writing, women authors, oral tradition, literary emergence, folk culture, environment.

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Background: Ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) is a novel biomarker of ischemia and oxidative stress. Several studies have demonstrated elevated IMA levels in diabetes mellitus (DM). Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and increased oxidative stress, predisposing patients to cardiovascular complications. The present study aimed to estimate serum IMA levels in patients with T2DM and evaluate its correlation with glycemic status and lipid profile parameters. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 subjects were recruited from the Medicine Outpatient Department of INDEX Medical College and Hospital. Among them, 100 patients were diagnosed with T2DM according to ADA 2016 guidelines, and 100 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals served as controls. Fasting blood sugar (FBS), postprandial blood sugar (PPBS), HbA1c, lipid profile, malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and serum IMA were measured. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test and Pearson's correlation test. Results: Patients with T2DM exhibited significantly higher levels of FBS, PPBS, HbA1c, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, MDA, and IMA, along with significantly lower HDL-cholesterol and GSH levels compared to controls (p < 0.05). Serum IMA showed a significant positive correlation with FBS, PPBS, HbA1c, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-cholesterol, while a negative correlation was observed with HDL-cholesterol. Conclusion: Serum IMA levels are significantly elevated in patients with T2DM and are strongly associated with poor glycemic control and dyslipidemia. IMA may serve as an early biomarker for ischemia and cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, aiding in better disease management and prognosis.

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus, ischemia-modified albumin, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, oxidative stress

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The demand for Master of Business Administration (MBA) education has grown substantially over the past several decades, with the degree widely perceived as a gateway to managerial and leadership roles. Despite its popularity, the prestige and perceived value of the MBA have fluctuated, prompting ongoing debate regarding its effectiveness in preparing graduates for contemporary organizational challenges. Critics frequently argue that MBA programs emphasize theoretical knowledge at the expense of practical application. This paper reviews the existing literature to examine the effectiveness of MBA programs from the perspectives of three key stakeholder groups: students, faculty, and employers. Specifically, it explores students' expectations and whether these expectations are fulfilled, faculty concerns regarding curriculum relevance and leadership preparation, and employer expectations of MBA graduates' workplace performance. Based on the reviewed literature, the paper also proposes recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of MBA programs and improve satisfaction among all stakeholders.

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MBA, MBA effectiveness, graduate business education

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Abstract: In India, it is possible to identify the institutions that have been exercising a larger and direct influence over electoral structures and processes, and that possess the authority to sanction changes therein. Historically, the institution that founded Independent India's electoral system and determined its principles and features is the Constituent Assembly of India. Thereon, the reins of electoral reform have been commanded mainly by the Election Commission of India and the Law Commission of India. The ad hoc National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution has also been able to successfully weigh in on significant deliberations on electoral reform. In this context, this section studies (a) the Constituent Assembly Debates to comprehend its reasoning in selecting the First-Past-the Post system for India; and to identify whether the then compulsions that caused the Assembly to choose First-Past-the-Post continue to exist in contemporary India, or have been resolved with time; and (b) the recommendations of the Law Commission of India and the National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution to identify their positions on the continuance of the First-Past-the-Post system, or reforms therein, and the reflections of 55 the Election Commission of India on these, if any. This knowledge will enable the researcher to evolve prescriptions of optimal feasibility.

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Keywords: Electoral System, Political, First Past and Post, India

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This paper covers the conceptual aspects of agri finance for commercial crops in Karnataka. This is a descriptive research paper provides brief view regarding agricultural finance for commercial corps in Karnataka. Agricultural finance means studying, examining and analyzing the financial aspects pertaining to agriculture and allied activities in Karnataka Farmers in developing countries have some of the riskiest and toughest jobs in the world. One drought, one flood, or one bag of bad seed can decimate an entire season's harvest. When your livelihood depends on just one or two harvests a year, one setback can force your children to go hungry for months and drop out of school until you can afford to send them back. Smallholder farming is complex and unpredictable, but it is the lifeline for two-thirds of families living in poverty. 27% of the world is employed in agriculture 25% of people worldwide experience moderate or severe food insecurity 10% of people worldwide are undernourished.

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Agriculture, Finance, Crops, Development, Karnataka

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Vatavyadhi, a group of disorders rooted in the vitiation of Vata dosha, is characterized by diverse clinical manifestations such as pain, stiffness, tremors, and neurological deficits. According to Ayurveda, Taila(medicated oil) is a prime therapeutic agent for pacifying Vatadue to its snigdha (unctuous), ushna(hot), and sukshma(penetrating) qualities. Taila yogasare widely used in both internal (abhyantara) and external (bahya) therapies such as Abhyanga, Basti, Snehapana, and Nasya. Classical texts enumerate numerous Taila preparations, each tailored to specific pathophysiological states of Vatadisorders. However, there is a need for a systematic exploration of their pharmacodynamics, therapeutic indications, and clinical outcomes,Vata Vyadhi presenting with symptoms such as Shoola (pain), Stambha (stiffness), Rukshata (dryness), and functional impairment. Ayurvedic classics describe Sneha Chikitsa as the principal line of treatment for Vata disorders. Panchaguna Taila is a classical medicated oil indicated for external application in various Vata Vyadhi. Its Snigdha, Ushna, and Balya properties counteract the pathological qualities of aggravated Vata. This review aims to compile classical references, shlokas, pharmacological properties, and clinical utility of Panchaguna Taila in Vata Vyadhi.

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Panchaguna Taila, Vata Vyadhi, Sneha Chikitsa, Abhyanga, Ayurveda

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Oral literature emerged alongside human speech, developing as an essential medium through which communities expressed their thoughts, beliefs, and experiences. Long before the advent of written forms, oral traditions functioned as repositories of cultural knowledge, preserving collective memory, social values, and historical experiences. Literature, in its broader sense, may be categorized into two primary forms: oral literature and written literature, both of which play crucial roles in shaping and sustaining cultural identity. Within the historical development of Kokborok literature, oral tradition occupies a central position. The transition from oral expression to written documentation began in 1897 with the publication of the first Kokborok grammar book, Kokborma, marking a significant milestone in the literary history of the language. This foundational work paved the way for subsequent written contributions. In later years, Kokborok prose writing gained recognition when the first novel in the language appeared in the literary magazine Kwtal Kothoma, authored by Sudhanwa Debbarma. Together, these early works represent the gradual transformation of Kokborok literary expression from oral transmission to written form, while continuing to reflect indigenous ways of life and cultural consciousness.

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Oral tradition, cultural memory, Kokborok literature, historical documentation, indigenous life.

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The drama Imangni Bwsarok (Children of Dreams), authored by the eminent playwright Nanda Kumar Debbarma and published in 2015, serves as a poignant exploration of cultural preservation and generational conflict. This paper examines the protagonist, Hari Kumar, a village teacher whose life mission is the socio-educational upliftment of his community. While his biological children have migrated to urban centers like Delhi and Agartala, Hari Kumar remains rooted in his village, driven by the vision of establishing a school that prioritizes the Kokborok language and traditional values. The study explores Hari Kumar as a symbol of resilience; despite facing systemic hurdles and personal hardships metaphorically described as "storms and rains" he remains steadfast in his commitment to his "hoda" (community). However, the narrative reaches a tragic irony when his greatest opposition shifts from external societal forces to his own son and daughter-in-law. Through a critical lens, this study shows the tension between indigenous idealism and modern individualistic pursuits, portraying the struggle to keep a "dream" alive amidst familial betrayal.

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Kokborok Literature, Nanda Kumar Debbarma, Imangni Bwsarok, Cultural Identity, Indigenous Education

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Physical literacy has emerged as a central concept in contemporary physical education, emphasizing the holistic development of individuals through movement. It extends beyond physical competence to include motivation, confidence, knowledge, and understanding necessary for lifelong engagement in physical activity. This conceptual paper explores the meaning, components, theoretical foundations, and educational significance of physical literacy within physical education programs. Drawing on existing literature, international frameworks, and policy documents, the paper proposes a comprehensive conceptual framework for integrating physical literacy into school physical education. The study highlights the role of teachers, curriculum design, and assessment strategies in nurturing physically literate individuals and underscores physical literacy as a foundation for lifelong health, well-being, and active living.

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Physical Literacy, Physical Education, Lifelong Physical Activity, Holistic Development, Movement Competence.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition