Volume 6 | Issue 1 |

 Abstract

Katyayana, a prominent figure in ancient Indian history, was a multifaceted scholar who made significant contributions to various fields of knowledge, including grammar, mathematics, and Vedic studies. While his exact dates remain uncertain, he is generally believed to have lived sometime between the 4th and 2nd centuries BCE. His works, particularly his commentaries on Panini's Ashtadhyayi and his Sulbasutra, have had a profound and lasting impact on Indian intellectual tradition. Katyayana was a Hindu sage and Vedic scholar. He is the author of the Katyayana Srauta Sutra, a major work on Vedic ritual.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Prominent, Figure, Multiface, Scholar, Significant, Tradition, Ritual, Vedic

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Small finance institutions play a crucial role in fostering financial inclusion, particularly among Self-Help Groups (SHGs). This study examines the impact of small finance on SHGs in Chikkaballapura District, Karnataka. By analyzing access to micro-credit, financial literacy, and economic empowerment, this research aims to assess the role of small finance in enhancing the economic well-being of SHG members. The findings indicate that small finance has significantly improved financial accessibility, enabled micro-entrepreneurship, and contributed to women's empowerment. However, challenges such as high interest rates and repayment difficulties persist, necessitating policy interventions to enhance the scheme's effectiveness

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Small finance, Self-Help Groups, financial inclusion, micro-credit, Chikkaballapura, economic empowerment, women's empowerment, financial literacy, micro-entrepreneurship.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The rapid emergence of big data analytics, machine learning, and artificial intelligence (AI) has fundamentally reshaped the way societies function, offering transformative benefits in healthcare, finance, governance, and beyond. Yet these same technologies pose grave risks to civil liberties, particularly the right to privacy and the principle of non-discrimination--cornerstones of universal human rights. Concerns about mass surveillance, algorithmic bias, and profiling have escalated, prompting calls for robust legislation and ethical frameworks. While certain jurisdictions (e.g., the European Union with its General Data Protection Regulation) have taken decisive steps to protect digital privacy, many countries lag behind, creating a patchwork of protections globally. Simultaneously, human rights treaties such as the ICCPR do not explicitly address AI-driven analytics or algorithmic decision-making, leaving interpretive gaps in enforcement. This article explores algorithmic accountability in relation to privacy rights through the lens of human rights law, analyzing both national legislative efforts (e.g., data protection acts, AI oversight bodies) and emerging global standards (soft-law guidelines, regional court jurisprudence). Employing a mixed-methods approach--encompassing doctrinal legal analysis, ethical theory, and comparative case studies--it highlights the tension between national sovereignty and transnational obligations, especially in fields like predictive policing, social welfare algorithms, and corporate data monetization. The discussion culminates in policy recommendations for bridging the gap between technological innovation and rights-based safeguards, advocating stronger international treaties or AI-specific protocols, enhanced judicial activism, and multi-stakeholder collaboration to ensure algorithmic systems remain transparent, fair, and accountable. Ultimately, embedding privacy and due process into algorithmic governance is essential for upholding human dignity in the digital age, preserving the moral and legal commitments at the heart of contemporary human rights law.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

algorithmic accountability, privacy, data protection, artificial intelligence, ICCPR, human rights, discrimination, global standards, GDPR

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Handwriting Analysis or Graphology is a scientific method of identifying, evaluating and understanding personality through the strokes and patterns revealed by handwriting. Handwriting reveals the true personality including emotional outlay, fears, honesty, defences and many others. Professional handwriting examiners called graphologist often identify the writer with a piece of handwriting. Accuracy of handwriting analysis depends on how skilled the analyst is. Although human intervention in handwriting analysis has been effective, it is costly and prone to fatigue. Hence the proposed methodology focuses on developing a tool for behavioural analysis which can predict the personality traits automatically with the aid of a computer without the human intervention. It is real time and involves less image preprocessing. The proposed system is calibrated with manual analysis. The results obtained through the system are in good agreement to more than 80 percent of the cases with ideal manual analysis.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Handwriting Analysis, Image Processing, Behavioral Prediction, Automated

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

A hydroponics system that uses the Internet of Things and automation means that important environmental parameters, such as pH, temperature, humidity, and nutrient levels, are monitored and controlled by the Internet of Things. This enables accurate adjustments and optimal plant growth through automated actions based on real-time data collection from sensors, all of which are remotely managed via a connected device, such as a smartphone. By utilizing this technology, the system creates a smart home by lowering human labor, increasing energy efficiency, and making the house easier to access. The Bluetooth module, NodeMCU, and 4-channel relay module make up the suggested setup. This module is very user-friendly and easy to install, and it controls the household appliances.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Hydroponics, Agriculture

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Security concerns have been expressed over the rising dependence on industrial control systems (ICS) in vital infrastructure, especially in light of the increased complexity of cyberattacks. Integrating cybersecurity best practices, sophisticated technology, and proactive threat mitigation measures, this study presents a comprehensive approach to ICS security. To safeguard critical information systems, assets, and operations against cybercriminals, the study recommends a multi-layered protection approach that takes into account the weaknesses of ICS. Continuous monitoring, real-time incident response, and the role of automation and AI in boosting ICS security are highlighted in the report, which comes after an extensive examination of current approaches and frameworks. In order to provide light on the dangers and repercussions of inadequate ICS security, the article also analyses case studies where vulnerabilities were exploited. The goal of this study is to make sure that critical infrastructure and industrial control systems can withstand new threats by suggesting an integrated security strategy.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Industrial Control Systems, Industrial Automation, Critical Infrastructure, Comprehensive Approach, Threat Mitigation, AI.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Nowadays, Due to the rapid growth of distributed systems, IT organizations are inclining towards the cloud computing environment. The intercommunication between distributed systems widens the possibility of confrontation against cyber attackers or intruders. The technology for accumulating and preserving the user's information at an affordable cost and refined services is known as cloud computing. The emergence of cloud computing and its deployment all over the world necessitates security through intrusion detection and prevention system (IDPS). Intrusion Detection and Prevention System plays an efficient role in differentiating the usual and unusual behavior by the verification, supervision, control of the log files and configuration, user activities, network traffic, etc. The present communication highlights the existing approaches of known (Signature based), unknown (Anomaly based) attack detection, and hybrid approaches that are mandated to overcome the security challenges in an ongoing time. Moreover, the disclosure in terms of comparative analysis of utilized techniques is also presented. The novelty of this work incorporates the comparison of diverse approaches utilized for the identification and prevention of attacks in the cloud environment. It also covers existing datasets along with research gaps in the existing approaches.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Anomaly Based, Cloud Computing, Intrusion Detection System, Intrusion Prevention System, IDPS, Signature Based.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The Toda people of the Nilgiri Hills in Tamil Nadu, India, maintain a unique cultural heritage, largely preserved through their rich oral traditions. Central to their way of life are their songs, which serve as a medium to express their spirituality, social practices, and ecological consciousness. These songs accompany rituals, such as funerals and buffalo sacrifices, emphasizing their cosmological beliefs and community cohesion. They celebrate the environment, transmit cultural knowledge, and foster a collective identity. This paper examines the role of Toda songs in defining and preserving their cultural and ecological landscape, providing insights into their ritualistic, social, and environmental significance. Drawing on the works of scholars like M.B. Emeneau and W.H.R. Rivers, the study highlights how these oral traditions act as living archives of Toda heritage and resilience amidst modernization.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Toda songs, Nilgiri Hills, cultural preservation, ecological consciousness, ritual songs, oral traditions, M.B. Emeneau, indigenous heritage.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

CNC is the acronym for Computer Numerical Control. It is an outgrowth of the older term "NC", which stands for just "Numerical Control". It refers to the idea of controlling machine tools programmatically via computer. With the older "NC" term, a computer need not be involved. The machine might be controlled using, for example, punched tape. NC, and later CNC, allowed for tremendous increases in productivity for machine tools because the machines could be run automatically without requiring constant attention from their operator. Before the advent of such automation, there was a lesser automation opportunity in the form of hydraulic tracer systems. Such systems used hydraulics to cause the cutting tools of a lathe or mill to follow a template. The taper attachments available for many manual lathes are not unlike the hydraulic tracer capability; it's just that the tracer is capable of more elaborate templates than simple tapers. But the advent of first NC and then later CNC radically increased the amount of automation that was possible.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Optimization, CNC.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Satyendra Nath Bose was an Indian physicist and Mathematician who is considered one of the fathers of quantum mechanics. He made significant contributions to the development of this field, particularly in the area of statistical mechanics. Bose's work on the Bose-Einstein condensate, a state of matter in which atoms behave collectively as a single entity, has had a profound impact on our understanding of the whole universe. Satyendra Nath Bose, a pioneer of quantum mechanics. Satyendra Nath Bose, an eminent Indian physicist, is renowned for his groundbreaking work in quantum mechanics, particularly his collaboration with Albert Einstein in developing the foundation for Bose-Einstein statistics and the theory of the Bose-Einstein condensate. His contributions have had a profound impact on our understanding of the quantum world.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Physicist, Mathematician, Significant, Contribution, statistical, Mechanics.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition