Volume 6 | Issue 1 |

 Abstract

????? ??? ??? ????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??, ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??(1) ?? ?? ???????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ?????-????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????-????????? ?? ??????? ???? ???(2) ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???, ????? ????????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????????????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???-???????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???, ????? ???? ???, ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???-??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????????? ???

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?????; ???; ????????

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 Abstract

India has been in touch with its neighboring regions much before the advent of civilization in South Asia. With the rise of civilization, new vistas of cultural contact were opened in which the trade and commerce could be identified as the major background over which the religious and political contacts flourished in later times. This contact has been characterized by mutual respect and adaptation, leaving a lasting imprint on Southeast Asian civilization.

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Dvaravati, Thailand, Buddhism, Xuangxang, South East Asia

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Educational level of a population is one of the most important determinants of its quality. Data on literacy and educational levels of the population are collected as a part of the demographic particulars of the household members in most of the survey rounds of the National Sample Survey Organisation. In the 42nd round [ July 1986 - June 1987] a comprehensive survey was carried out by the NSSO to study the extent of participation of children and youth in the formal and non-formal educational systems including drop-outs at various levels. Subsequently, a survey on literacy was taken up during July 1991 - December 1991 during which a schedule was canvassed for ascertaining literacy status of persons. Further during the 52nd round [ July 1995 - June 1996] of the NSSO, information on participation in education was collected. In this study, data on reasons for drop out, available in the NSSO 52nd Round, has been used to analyse the crucial reasons leading to males and females dropping out of formal education at various levels.

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literacy, drop out, gender gap

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The present investigation was carried out at Banana Research Station, Nanded. "Studies on plant geometry and levels of potassium on growth, yield and quality of banana (Musa acuminata L.)", for two trial years. In the present experiment, there were four main treatments of plant density, viz. D1 (1.5 m x 1.2 m), D2 (1.5 m x 1.5 m), D3 (1.5 m x 1.8 m) and D4 (1.5 m x 2.1 m), three sub- treatment of potassium levels, viz. K1 (100 g K2 O/plant), K2 (200 g K2O/plant), K3 (300 g K2O/plant) and thus comprising twelve treatment combinations. The lowest percent incidence of sigatoka (10.14%) was recorded in D41.5 m x 2.1 m (3,174 plants/ha) while the highest percent incidence of sigatoka was recorded (18.86%) in D1 1.5 m x 1.2 m (5,555 plants/ha). The effect of potassium levels on percent incidence of sigatoka was found to be non significant. The interaction effect of plant densities and potassium level on percent incidence of sigatoka was found to be non significant.

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"A Study of Levels of Potassium and Plant Geometry on Percent of Sigatoka Disease (Musa acuminata L.) cv. Ardhapuri"

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The increasing demand for electrical energy and the growing emphasis on sustainable power utilization have accelerated the development of intelligent home energy management systems. This paper presents the design and implementation of a Smart Home Energy Management System (SHEMS) that integrates renewable energy sources with ZigBee-based wireless communication and an Arduino (ATmega328) controller. The proposed system is structured into two major sections: a transmitter unit and a receiver unit. The transmitter unit consists of a solar panel, charging control circuit, 12 V battery, voltage and current sensors, relay-based load control, and an ATmega328 microcontroller. It continuously monitors energy generation, battery status, and load consumption, while transmitting real-time data through a ZigBee module. The receiver unit receives sensor data via ZigBee, processes it using an ATmega328 controller, and forwards the information to a NodeMCU module for IoT-based cloud communication, enabling remote monitoring through mobile or laptop interfaces. The system supports efficient energy utilization by prioritizing renewable energy usage, enabling intelligent load control, and providing real-time energy insights to users. Experimental results demonstrate reliable communication, accurate energy monitoring, and effective load management. The proposed architecture offers a low-cost, scalable, and energy-efficient solution suitable for smart homes and small-scale residential applications.

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Smart Home Energy Management System, Renewable Energy Integration, ZigBee Communication, Arduino ATmega328, Solar Energy, IoT-Based Monitoring, Wireless Sensor Networks, Load Control, Energy Monitoring.

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Investor behaviour in financial markets is often influenced by psychological traits and behavioural biases rather than purely rational considerations. Recognising the heterogeneity among investors is therefore essential for understanding investment decision-making. The present study aims to classify equity market investors into homogeneous groups based on personality traits, behavioural biases, investment performance, and repurchase intention using cluster analysis. Primary data were collected from 727 individual investors through a structured questionnaire. Hierarchical cluster analysis using Ward's method was first employed to determine the optimal number of clusters, followed by non-hierarchical K-means cluster analysis to form final clusters. The results reveal five distinct investor clusters, each exhibiting unique combinations of personality characteristics and behavioural biases. The clusters were validated using ANOVA, confirming significant differences across all clustering variables. The study develops meaningful investor typologies--Vulnerable Investors, Gregarious Investors, Achievement-Striven Investors, Adventurous Investors, and Modesty Investors--which provide valuable insights for financial advisors, policymakers, and investors in designing customised investment strategies and behavioural interventions.

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Behavioural finance, investor typology, personality traits, behavioural biases, cluster analysis

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This paper throws light on the Franz Kafka's novella, 'The Metamorphosis' written in 1915 which immensely gained huge success and the writer skilfully intertwined it by blending the unreal of realities, magical realism and dehumanisation which creates a narrative of challenges of the human life and condition of reality in the society. "Unreal Realities" means the strange things feel real like the protagonist Gregor Samsa traveling salesman, underwent the horrifying and complete transformation into an oversized insect which is impossible but everyone treat him as burden to their family. Franz Kafka uses the new Kafkaesque technique that shows how people and character changed or ignored the deep problems and accept weird situation of making unreal feel like reality. These elements are not explained or justified but they simply exist, creating a world where the magic is a part of the reality. Franz Kafka's works examine themes such as alienation, dehumanization, absurdity and so on. It is a profound theme that reflects the dehumanization, alienation and exploitation experienced in the Metamorphosis. Gregor Samsa family financially depends on him but after transformation they begin to treat him as a repulsive burden looking after him. This descent him into isolation and neglected, reflects the process of dehumanisation, where Gregor is no longer seen as a person but as a thing, an inconvenience and overhearing of his family's wish to be rid of him. He completely loses the will to live and starves. By discovering that Gregor is dead his family feels a great sense of relieved and optimistically plans their future noting his sister Grete's blossoming into a young woman ready for marriage.

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unreal realities, magical realism, dehumanisation, alienation, the metamorphosis, Franz Kafka.

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A philosophical school known as radical idealism emphasizes the importance of our thoughts and perceptions in shaping our worldview. It declares that rather than being outside of our brains, reality is ultimately a creation of our ideas and beliefs. Islamic extremism, also known as radical Islam, is an extreme ideology, set of behaviors, and belief system within Islam. These are still infamous ideas that can mean anything from academic justifications to the belief that all other ideologies are flawed and ineffective. In the 20th century, several Afghan women face discrimination in education due to lack of knowledge and limitations in understanding the outside world. Women are not permitted to vote or contribute to the development of their country, and they are often confined to marriages and not allowed to divorce. In 1920, women's emancipation began worldwide, and Afghanistan participated in it. Education schools were established during Amanullah's government, and the Afghan Youth Organization was founded for women's relief. Women in Afghanistan cannot do all activities, as they must be controlled by men or those with higher status. In rural areas, control over their lives and gender roles is determined by patriarchal kinship arrangements. The justice in rural areas and cities is very different, with rural people being treated differently from urban ones. In the 21st century, women in Afghanistan have limited access to education, with only 26% of the population being literate and a decrease in women's literacy rate. Of school-age children, only 38% (4.2 million) do not have access to schools, with the majority being girls. The government has changed over time, but society still believes that women only need to stay at home rather than go outside to study at school. When Afghanistan was led by the Taliban, they did not allow women to go to school and only allowed men to get good education. In the government of Taliban (1996-2001), schools were operated but only allowed males to study, strictly rejecting and banning female education. This condition assumes that men have higher value than women, decreasing their chances of having equal rights like men. The majority of Afghan population consists of Pashtoon who traditionally do not give much importance to female education, allowing girls only for primary education, which only allows them to learn basic reading and writing. After primary education, their educational career begins with uncertainty.

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Discrimination, Stereotype, Afghan women, Education and Nadia Hashimi

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Legal profession cannot move forward without research and findings. The main reason behind this is the dynamic nature of law. Legal research forms an integral part in the life of law professionals, whether they are law students, lawyers, academicians, practitioners who are interested in legal knowledge. Even if you are someone preparing for a career in law and trying to understand what kind of education is needed for a lawyer , legal research will come in handy. With the changing of society and laws every day, it becomes essential to scrutinize the pool of laws and social rules. The primary purpose of legal research remains to either find the lacunas in the laws, so they are made following the society's needs or add some vastness to the subject matter of rules to make it comprehensive

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SOURCES AND IMPORTANCE OF LEGAL RESEARCH

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Empowerment is a process that is both individual as well as group oriented, since it is through involvement in groups that people most often believe to develop their awareness and the ability to organize and take action to bring about change, often leading to improved decision making capacity at home and at the community level, and greater participation in politics. In the process, empowerment will help women make better use of their talents to lead better lives. They do not aim at being superior to men. They respond as equal and cooperate in order to work towards the common goal. It is therefore a process aimed at changing the nature and direction of systematic forces, which marginalize women and other disadvantaged sections in a given context. The process of women's empowerment should be critically linked to the issue of sustainability of their own livelihoods. If and only if a woman's livelihood is ensured in a sustainable manner, would she be a willing stakeholder towards her empowerment. Women's empowerment needs to be both realized as well as assessed are social, political and economic. Women's empowerment and women's education faces a number of social, cultural, economic and psychological barriers which has been highlighted through this paper.

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Gender discrimination, sustainability, education, women empowerment.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition