Volume 14 | Issue 1 |

 Abstract

Background: Hairdressers are routinely required to maintain prolonged static positions, perform repetitive upper-extremity tasks, and sustain forward neck postures, which increases their risk of developing musculoskeletal disorders, particularly involving the levator scapulae muscle. Continuous mechanical stress on this muscle may result in pain, restricted neck movement, and functional impairment, collectively referred to as levator scapulae syndrome. Identifying muscle tightness and related disability at an early stage is important for preventing long-term complications and maintaining occupational performance. This study evaluates levator scapulae syndrome using the Levator Scapulae Muscle Length Test and examines associated functional disability through the Neck Disability Index (NDI) among hairdressers, with the aim of guiding ergonomic and physiotherapeutic interventions for this vulnerable occupational group. Objective: To evaluate levator scapulae muscle shortening using the levator scapulae muscle length test and to assess neck-related functional disability using the Neck Disability Index among hairdressers in pune. Method: An observational study was carried out on 126 hairdressers aged 24-35 years in Pune using a convenience sampling approach. Eligible participants underwent bilateral assessment of levator scapulae muscle length, and functional disability was measured using the Neck Disability Index. Collected data were analysed using Kinovea software. Result : Right-side levator scapulae muscle shortening was observed in 55.6% of participants; however, this finding was not statistically significant (p = 0.2123). On the left side, muscle shortening was present in 32% of participants and demonstrated a statistically significant association with occupational exposure (p = 0.00038). Bilateral muscle shortening was identified in 15.1% of cases, with no significant difference noted (p = 0.995). Analysis of NDI scores indicated a moderate level of neck disability, emphasizing the need for preventive and ergonomic interventions in this population. Conclusion :A substantial proportion of hairdressers exhibited levator scapulae muscle shortening, most likely related to repetitive work demands and prolonged postural loading. Although right-side predominance was not statistically significant, the findings underscore the importance of ergonomic awareness and early preventive measures to reduce musculoskeletal health risks among hairdressers.

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 Keywords

Musculoskeletal disorder, Hairdressers,, Postural stress, Repetitive Movements, Muscle Shortening, Occupational Health.

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This research explores the potential of gold (XAU) to serve as an early warning signal for extreme market events in the U.S. financial context, using Extreme Value Theory (EVT). Gold is widely recognized as a safe-haven asset, particularly during periods of heightened market volatility and systemic risk. This study employs monthly time series data on gold prices and the CBOE Volatility Index (VIX) spanning from 1997 onward to analyze the tail behavior of gold returns and their association with volatility shocks. Extreme Value Theory provides a statistical framework for assessing the probability and magnitude of unusually large or small outcomes (e.g., financial crashes, natural disasters, extreme rainfall). Unlike conventional statistical methods that model averages or typical behavior, EVT zooms in on outliers or tail events. Extreme Value Theory is applied using the Peak Over Threshold (POT) method to model both the upper and lower tails of gold returns. The upper tail, representing extreme positive returns, exhibits a bounded nature with a shape parameter (?) of -0.26, suggesting limited upside potential. Conversely, the lower tail displays a heavy-tailed distribution (? = 0.41), implying greater susceptibility to large losses. These findings are critical for understanding the asymmetric behavior of gold during market stress. Quantitative risk metrics derived from EVT--namely, Value at Risk (VaR) and Expected Shortfall (ES)--reveal that under a 1% tail probability, gold can experience gains of up to 11.9% or losses of up to 9%, with a conditional average loss (ES) of 3.3%. This demonstrates that while gold may provide a buffer in crisis periods, it is not immune to downside risk, particularly in high-volatility environments. The results underscore the importance of modeling tail risk in gold for investors, policymakers, and portfolio risk managers. The asymmetry in tail behavior further suggests that gold's role as a safe haven is nuanced and should be evaluated alongside market volatility indicators such as VIX. This study contributes to the growing body of literature on financial tail risk management and positions gold as a conditional signal rather than an absolute shield against market distress.

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Volatility, Systemic risk, Extreme value, Value at Risk, Peak over Threshold

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The trajectory of rural poverty in Kerala from 2001 to 2021 is examined in this study. The results show a sharp decline in multidimensional deprivation, especially in housing, sanitation, and access to clean cooking fuel, as well as a quick decline in income-based poverty. Rising rural earnings, remittance inflows, long term social development initiatives in welfare, health, and education, and structural changes in rural employment from agriculture to non-farm sectors have all contributed to these trends. The analysis shows that Kerala's long-term poverty reduction is driven by a combination of economic, social, and policy factors, offering insights for comprehensive rural development in comparable situations throughout India.

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Rural Poverty, Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), National Sample Survey (NSS), National Family Health Survey (NFHS)

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Queer identity or practise of alternative sexuality by an individual is often misunderstood as criminal identity (an instance of homophobia) under the purview of law even in the imaginative cinematic world. There is a wide range of homophobia still existing in our society and culture towards the people with alternative sexuality. There are gaps and fissures in the dealing of law towards the queer people which I want to focus in my paper in relation to the Bollywood films. I have mainly focussed on three Bollywood cinematic products - 'Aligarh' (2015), 'Made In Heaven'(2019) and 'Forensic' (2022). Even though Bollywood has come a long way from making caricatures or stereotypes or laughter stock out of the non-conforming characters (for example, 'Dostana'), we still find homophobic tendencies in the cinematic gaze and representation. 24th August, 2017 was one of the landmarks in the history of the verdicts given by the Supreme Court which ruled that every citizen should have a Right to Privacy which is a fundamental right protected under Article 21 and Part III of the Indian Constitution. The Supreme Court recognised the rights of the LGBTQ community and acknowledged that they existed and also needed some rights for existence. The section 377 of Indian law has a long legal history of its own which is getting addressed gradually by the Bollywood fraternity. While 'Aligarh' is a prominent film on this legal issue, homophobic tendency in general continues to be addressed in films like 'Forensic' which hurriedly draws to its end with no clear cut explanation regarding the psychology of the murderer who belongs to the queer community. The straight characters are unable to understand or identify the murderer due to his interchangeable sexual identity. The web series 'Made In Heaven' portrays a gay character Karan who is a wedding planner who runs the company along with his friend Tara. His landlord is shown to enjoy his camaraderie by filming his intimate moments enjoyed with his male partners. The twist comes in the end when it turns out that the landlord himself is gay but had to bow down to social pressures and marry and settle down.

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Homophobia, Queer identity, law, criminality, Bollywood, cinema, web series

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Environmental Education Leads To Changes In Students' Behavior

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Environmental Education Leads To Changes In Students' Behavior

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সারসংক্ষেপ:- কালিদাস রচিত মেঘদূত সংস্কৃত কাব্যসাহিত্যের ইতিহাসে এক অনন্য সৌন্দর্যনির্মাণের দৃষ্টান্ত, যেখানে বিরহবেদনা, প্রকৃতি-চিত্রণ ও নান্দনিক কল্পনার অপূর্ব সমন্বয় পরিলক্ষিত হয়। এই গবেষণাপত্রে মেঘদূত কাব্যের সৌন্দর্যতত্ত্ব ভারতীয় কাব্যতত্ত্বের আলোকে বিশ্লেষিত হয়েছে। বিশেষত প্রকৃতি ও মানবিক অনুভূতির অন্তঃসম্পর্ক, অলংকারপ্রয়োগের সূক্ষ্মতা, উপমা ও রূপকের কাব্যিক তাৎপর্য এবং শৃঙ্গাররসের বিরহাত্মক বিকাশের নান্দনিক রূপ এখানে আলোচনার কেন্দ্রে স্থান পেয়েছে। গবেষণায় প্রতিপন্ন করা হয়েছে যে, মেঘদূত কেবলমাত্র একটি বিরহকাব্য নয়, এটি রস, ভাব ও অলংকারের সুসমন্বয়ে গঠিত এক পরিপূর্ণ কাব্যরূপ, যেখানে প্রকৃতি মানবিক অনুভূতির সহচর ও বাহক হিসেবে উপস্থিত। কালিদাসের কাব্যদৃষ্টিতে প্রকৃতি নিছক বর্ণনার বিষয় নয়, তা মানবমনের আবেগ, স্মৃতি ও আকাঙ্ক্ষার প্রতীকী প্রকাশ। এই দৃষ্টিকোণ থেকে মেঘদূত ভারতীয় কাব্যতত্ত্বে সৌন্দর্যবোধের এক উচ্চমানের নিদর্শন হিসেবে স্বীকৃত। এই গবেষণা প্রমাণ করে যে, মেঘদূত কাব্যে সৌন্দর্য একটি বিচ্ছিন্ন উপাদান নয়, তা রসতত্ত্ব, অলংকারতত্ত্ব ও মানবিক সংবেদনশীলতার সমন্বিত ফল৷ যার দ্বারা কাব্যটি সংস্কৃত সাহিত্যধারায় এক চিরায়ত নান্দনিক আদর্শ প্রতিষ্ঠা করেছে।

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সূচক শব্দ:- সৌন্দর্যতত্ত্ব, প্রকৃতি-চিত্রণ, রস, অলংকার, ধ্বনি৷

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Ransomware has transitioned from a localized cryptographic nuisance to a professionalized multi-extortion ecosystem capable of paralyzing critical infrastructure. Traditional signature-based defenses are increasingly ineffective against polymorphic and zero-day variants that leverage "Living-off-theLand" (LotL) techniques. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of ransomware taxonomies, focusing on Locker, Crypto, and Multi-Extortion models. We further evaluate advanced behavioral analysis frameworks, emphasizing Machine Learning (ML) techniques such as LSTM and Random Forest to identify anomalous file system activity. The study concludes that an integrated behavioral approach is essential for achieving real-time threat mitigation in modern heterogeneous networks.

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Ransomware Taxonomy, Behavioral Malware Analysis, Machine Learning, Cryptovirology, Zero-Trust Security, File Entropy Analysis, Multi-Extortion Models, Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR), Living-off-theLand (LotL) Attacks, Proactive Threat Mitigation

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A correlational investigation technique, the current study examined the connection between prosocial behaviour and personality traits in adults. Prosocial behaviour was examined using a standardised scale, and personality was assessed using the Big Five Personality Inventory-10 (BFPI-10). Data were collected from 157 participants, and SPSS version 21's Pearson's correlation was used for analysis. The results showed that prosocial behaviour was significantly positively correlated with agreeableness and extraversion, suggesting that sociability and empathy are powerful indicators of helpful tendencies. Conversely, prosocial behaviour did not significantly correlate with conscientiousness, neuroticism, or openness. These results indicate that social and interpersonal characteristics, rather than cognitive or emotional factors, are the main determinants of prosocial behaviour in young adulthood.

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Personality Traits, Prosocial Behaviour, Young Adults

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The growth of marketing in Uzhavar Santhai of Tirupathur district reflects a transformative shift in agricultural trade, enabling farmers to directly connect with consumers, eliminate middlemen, secure fair prices, and strengthen rural livelihoods. Agricultural marketing in India has traditionally been dominated by village-level markets, fairs, mandies, and co-operative societies, where middlemen often exploit both farmers and consumers. To address this challenge, the Government of Tamil Nadu introduced the innovative concept of Uzhavar Santhai (Farmers' Market) in 1999, aimed at eliminating intermediaries and ensuring fair trade practices. In Tirupathur district, the Uzhavar Santhai has emerged as a significant platform for direct farmer-to-consumer transactions, fostering transparency, fair pricing, and trust. Over time, the growth of marketing through this system has empowered farmers economically, enhanced consumer access to fresh produce at reasonable rates, and strengthened rural livelihoods. The initiative has also contributed to social transformation by promoting community interaction and reinforcing the identity of small-scale farmers. Despite challenges such as seasonal fluctuations, infrastructural limitations, and the need for digital integration, Uzhavar Santhai continues to play a pivotal role in reshaping agricultural marketing in Tirupathur district, serving as a model for sustainable rural development.

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Marketing, Uzhavar Santhai,

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E-Commerce is one of the vital sector in globalised economy. Indian market has witnessed the heralding of many E-Commerce companies in stock market bourses such as Zomato Ltd, FSN E-Commerce Ventures Ltd (Nykaa), IndiaMART InterMESH Ltd, CarTrade Tech Ltd, Swiggy Ltd, etc.Zomato Ltd made its IPO in July, 2021 and Listed on23rd July, 2021. It is the largest E-Commerce stock in Indian stock market with highest market capitalisation of Rs. INR1,99,067 crore (nearly INR2 trillion) approximately. The present paper attempts to answer the question - " What works better - Fundamental Analysis or Technical Analysis to investors in earning higher returns with regard to Zomato Ltd Stocks?". It develops models for measuring the returns under both approaches. It uses the financial data from company annual reports and stock prices from www.bseindia.com. The study finds that average annual historical returns under fundamental analysis of 59.69% is more than average annualised returns under technical analysis of 18.77% for Zomato Ltd. It finally concludes that fundamental analysis works better for Zomato Ltd stocks.

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Average Annual Historical Returns(AAHR), Average Annualised Returns(AAR), Bracket, Bracket Length, Bottom Price, Fundamental analysis, High price, Intrinsic Value, Technical Analysis,

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