Volume 5 | Issue 4 |

 Abstract

The balance of payments is a comprehensive record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a specific period. A trade surplus occurs when a country's exports exceed its imports. A trade deficit occurs when a country's imports exceed its exports. The balance of payments provide a more complete picture of a country's economic interactions with the rest of the world, encompassing not only trade in goods but also services, financial transactions, capital flows. This paper made an attempt to know the balance of payments in terms of trade balance, current account deficit, capital account surplus, invisible income and to identify the bilateral trade surplus and deficit countries. To know all these results the data have been collected from the various secondary sources like books, magazines and other concerned annual reports. The collected numerical data have been analyzed and presented in the tables.

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 Keywords

Balance of trade, balance of payments, bilateral trade, India.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Climate change has become one of the most significant forces shaping contemporary discussions on human rights, intersecting with environmental law, development studies, and ethical governance. While the 1951 Refugee Convention protects those fleeing persecution, it does not encompass individuals and communities forced from their homes by climate-induced disasters such as rising sea levels, prolonged droughts, and extreme weather events. These climate-displaced communities occupy a regulatory gray area, often unable to claim formal protection under traditional refugee or human rights frameworks. At the same time, environmental justice movements around the globe have called for equitable distribution of environmental benefits and burdens, emphasizing participation and redress for historically marginalized groups. This article argues that the future of human rights hinges on an integrated approach that recognizes environmental degradation and climate change not merely as ecological or economic problems but as fundamental human rights crises. Through an in-depth examination of philosophical underpinnings, the evolution of international and national human rights regimes, and the practical dilemmas of forced migration, this piece explores how to reconcile state sovereignty with transnational obligations. It examines the inadequacy of current legal instruments--focusing on how human rights treaties, climate accords, and domestic constitutions fail to protect climate refugees--and proposes pathways toward a rights-based climate displacement framework. Empirical examples highlight communities in low-lying island nations, flood-prone deltas, and drought-stricken rural regions. Policy recommendations urge binding treaties for corporate accountability, expanded refugee definitions or new environmental displacement protocols, and community-driven adaptation efforts ensuring that environmental solutions align with the principles of dignity, participation, and non-discrimination. Ultimately, bridging environmental justice and established human rights doctrines offers a moral, legal, and pragmatic route to uphold the dignity of climate-displaced populations while fostering sustainable development and global solidarity.

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 Keywords

climate displacement, environmental justice, human rights, climate refugees, international law, sovereignty, corporate accountability, sustainable development.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Through social media, users may have access to a lot of information as well as a pleasant communication experience. Social media, on the other hand, can have negative implications, such as online bullying, which can have a negative impact on people's life, particularly children and teenagers. Cyberbullying is defined as an individual or a group of individuals engaging in aggressive, deliberate acts against a victim using digital communication channels such as sending texts and writing comments. Unlike traditional bullying, which occurs in a face-to-face interaction at school, online bullying on social media sites can occur anywhere at any time.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Cyber Crime, Cyber Bullying, Speech to Text,social media, OCR.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs) represent a significant advancement in materials engineering, offering a unique combination of high-temperature resistance, superior mechanical strength, and enhanced durability compared to conventional monolithic ceramics. By incorporating reinforcing fibers or particles within a ceramic matrix, CMCs effectively mitigate the intrinsic brittleness of ceramics, thereby improving their toughness and structural integrity under extreme conditions. These materials exhibit exceptional thermal stability, excellent resistance to oxidation and corrosion, and superior mechanical performance, making them highly suitable for demanding applications in aerospace, automotive, energy, and biomedical industries. This paper provides a comprehensive review of CMCs, covering their fundamental types, including oxide-oxide, carbon-carbon, and silicon carbide-based composites, along with a detailed analysis of their microstructural characteristics and composition. Various processing techniques such as chemical vapor infiltration (CVI), polymer infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP), and hot pressing are discussed, highlighting their impact on material properties and performance. Furthermore, an in-depth exploration of the mechanical behavior of CMCs, including strength, toughness, creep resistance, and fatigue performance, is presented, with comparative assessments against traditional ceramic and metallic materials. The paper also examines the diverse industrial applications of CMCs, particularly in aerospace turbine components, automotive brake systems, thermal protection systems, and nuclear energy applications, where their lightweight nature and ability to withstand harsh environments provide a competitive advantage. Additionally, current challenges such as cost-effective manufacturing, processing complexities, and long-term durability concerns are addressed. Emerging trends and future research directions, including the integration of nanomaterials and advancements in fabrication techniques, are also explored to highlight the potential for further innovation in the field. To enhance understanding, figures, bar charts, and tables are included throughout the paper, illustrating key properties, processing methodologies, and performance comparisons with conventional materials. Through this analysis, the study aims to contribute to the ongoing development and optimization of CMCs for next-generation engineering applications.

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 Keywords

Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs), High-Temperature Materials, Oxide-Oxide CMCs, Silicon Carbide (SiC) CMCs, Carbon-Carbon (C/C) Composites, Mechanical Properties, Processing Techniques, Polymer Impregnation and Pyrolysis (PIP), Chemical Vapor Infiltration (CVI).

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A Monte Carlo algorithm for extracting contours in 2D images is proposed in this paper. A multiple model Particle Filter (PF) for progressive contour growing (tracking) from a starting point is designed, accounting for the convex, noncircular form of delineated areas. The algorithm relies on image intensity gradients as measurements and requires information about four manually selected points: the seed point, the starting point, arbitrarily selected on the contour, and two additional points, bounding the measurement formation area around the contour. The filter performance is studied by segmenting contours from series of simulated ultrasound medical images and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) images

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Contour Tracking of Images Using Particle Filtering Technique.

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Urban supply management is essential to sustain water supply. Bhandara, a small city in Maharashtra, is undergoing immense difficulties and challenges in water supply for uninterrupted and efficient utilization by the residents of this medium-sized urbanization. In this context, this paper discusses the enhancement of water supply management in Bhandara City (2016-17) using modern information systems. Further, it enlightens readers concerning the implementation and usability of diversified information technologies during the course, including Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA), and the smart water systems. This paper analyzes how Information Systems can support the water supply system of Bhandara by evaluating existing infrastructure, challenges, and potential improvements toward efficiency and losses. The paper adopts a mixed method approach to achieve results that are supported by both primary data as well as existing data and literature.

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 Keywords

Urban water supply, Information Systems, Bhandara, Maharashtra, GIS, SCADA, Smart Water Systems, infrastructure, water management

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Rajakarana, Samskruthi Mattu M P Prakash

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Rajakarana, Samskruthi Mattu M P Prakash

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 Abstract

Bhattarakadevashakra virchit Pratapakavyasya Chaturvinsatisargasya Sampadanamadhyanamcha

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Bhattarakadevashakra virchit Pratapakavyasya Chaturvinsatisargasya Sampadanamadhyanamcha

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The expansion of online communication is happening at a dizzying pace. The internet has made it possible to establish an international "Virtual Community" that is unconstrained by space and time. Anyone may now easily connect with experts all across the globe thanks to the internet. You may ask for advice from experts by video chat, voicemail, or email. With no longer any assurance of privacy whether using wired or wireless ways, the Internet has evolved into a hostile environment. The challenge with transmitting multimedia material online is keeping it secure and private. The increasing need for fast data transmission and storage has put multimedia apps in a precarious position, since they use a lot of bandwidth. Encryption and compression of data are essential for data security, safeguarding data resources during transmission and storage, especially on networks. Encrypting images before compression is necessary for high-level security. Arnold Transform, Combinatorial Random Permutations, and Cyclic Permutation of Prediction Errors are the three techniques that we provide for grayscale photo encryption. By repeatedly applying linear transformations and mod functions to different pixel places, Arnold Transform is able to encrypt data. When iterations are performed several times, the relationship between adjacent pixels is completely broken. To make data encryption as foolproof as possible, the Combinational Random Permutation method mixes bits, pixels, and blocks. By encrypting the prediction error domain rather than the actual image, the Cyclic Permutation of Clusters of Prediction Errors technique achieves excellent security.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Image encryption, Permutation techniques, Numerous level, Multimedia, Encryption.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Saamidheni Mantra Prayoga Vivaranam

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Saamidheni Mantra Prayoga Vivaranam

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition