Volume 6 | Issue 3 |

 Abstract

Morphometry of the terrestrial slug Laevicaulis alte (Gastropoda: Styllomatophora) was carried out. Slugs were collected from the foot hills of Southern Western Ghats region of Courtallam area. Frequency distributions were calculated on the basis of animal length, breadth and live body weight (at motion and at rest). The study revealed significant positive correlation ( P>0.05 ) of the length and breadth of the slug with relevance to body weight of the animal at motion and at rest. The regression equation of length at motion was y = 1.169x + 0.516, (R2 = 0.983) and at rest it was y = 0.684x + 0.76 (R2=0.988); the breadth at motion y = 0.276x + 0.541 (R2 = 0.851) and at rest y = 0.414x + 0.713 (R2=0.839). Morphometric measurements are basic details of the animal to study taxonomy, comparison of distribution of similar species and their ecobiology.

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Laevicaulis alte, morphometry, length, breadth, body weight.

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natural justice, equality, procedure, due process, personal liberty

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Micro Finance has become is recent years, a fulcrum for development initiative for the poor, particularly in the third world countries. It has been practiced in varying forms in different countries and has come to be regarded as important tool for poverty alienation through social and economical development of poor, with focus on empowering women. It was observed that Microfinance often gets equated nearly as credit for Micro enterprises while the poor also needs savings, consumption loans, having loans and insurance services.

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Key Words: Micro Finance, consumption loans, insurance services

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: In the recent years of development, the abundant use of power electronics based components and systems have made a major impact on power quality of electric power supply of distribution system and raised various power quality issues. There are various technologies used for mitigation of power quality related problems. One of them is shunt active power filter(SAPF). A modified harmonic detection method based on Gauss-Newton method is used for three phase three wire shunt active power filter. The main objective of this method is to compensate for load harmonic current. A model of three-phase three wire SAPF based on the proposed modified recursive Gauss-Newton method is developed using MATLAB/Simulink. Synchronous Reference Frame theory [SRFT] is a well-known reference current generation technique, used for mitigation of harmonics. Both the reference generation method is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink and their performance comparison has been discussed. .

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Shunt active power filter(SAPF), Gauss-Newton method, Synchronous Reference Frame Theory, Hysteresis current controller band(HBCC)

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Biodegradation of biomedical waste (LDPE) samples using microbial consortium of microorganisms was monitored as a function of number of days and the results were presented in Percentage weight loss due to degradation was determined by subtracting the weight of the sample taken out on a particular day i.e., 40 days of exposure from the initial weight ie., the weight of the sample at the start of degradation study each time. It was observed from the results that percentage weight loss by Bacillus cereus, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis revealed 34.61, 26.92 and 15.38 %. Similarly, when the polymer LDPE was pretreated with UV exposure it was 46.15% for Bacillus cereus UV treated sample followed by Bacillus licheniformis exhibited 38.46% and Bacillus subtilis revealed 26.92 %. In the present study, bacteria cultured on nutrient broth medium until the mid - exponential phase was transferred to the test tube with constant volume of 1.2 ml to which increasing volumes of hexadecane were added. Bacillus cereus incubated in a liquid medium containing polyethylene as sole carbon source colonized the polyethylene and formed a sparse biofilm. BATH assay demonstrated that hydrophobicity of Bacillus cereus exhibited 89% and it was very high in compared to Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis.

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Biodegradation, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis, Uv, BATH.

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The increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and the parallel growth of renewable energy sources have positioned Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology as a critical enabler of sustainable energy transitions. V2G allows bidirectional power flow between EVs and the grid, offering services such as peak load management, frequency and voltage regulation, and improved integration of intermittent renewables. A comprehensive review of recent literature reveals significant opportunities, including reduced system costs, enhanced grid resilience, and new revenue streams for EV owners. However, widespread deployment faces multiple challenges. Technically, battery degradation, interoperability of charging standards, communication protocols, and grid stability under large-scale EV integration remain critical issues. From an institutional and policy perspective, barriers include non-harmonized standards, inadequate business models, regulatory uncertainty, and limited consumer awareness. While pilot projects demonstrate the feasibility of V2G, global implementation requires coordinated advances in battery technologies, charging infrastructure, smart grid systems, and supportive policy frameworks. This study synthesizes insights from state-of-the-art research to highlight both the potential and the bottlenecks of V2G adoption. It further identifies research gaps in socio-technical and institutional domains, underscoring the need for harmonized standards, stakeholder cooperation, and innovative market mechanisms. By bridging technical and policy perspectives, this review contributes to advancing V2G as a cornerstone of future low-carbon power and transport systems.

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 Keywords

Electric vehicles (EVs), Vehicle-to-grid (V2G), Grid-to-vehicle (G2V), Bidirectional charging, Battery performance and degradation, Interoperability and standards (OCPP, ISO 15118, CHAdeMO), Renewable energy integration, Demand response and peak load management, Policy and regulation, Sustainable energy transition.

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This paper examines the state of cultural preservation among indigenous ethnic communities in Assam, a region known for its rich mosaic of tribal and non-tribal cultures. Indigenous groups such as the Bodo, Mising, Karbi, Dimasa, and Rabha possess distinct languages, customs, religious practices, and oral traditions that contribute to the region's cultural diversity. However, rapid modernization, urbanization, migration, and socio-political dynamics have placed immense pressure on these communities, threatening the continuity of their cultural heritage. The paper adopts a qualitative approach, utilizing ethnographic methods including semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and analysis of cultural documents. It investigates both the challenges to and the strategies for preserving cultural identity. Findings reveal that many communities are experiencing a gradual erosion of language fluency among youth, declining traditional practices, and a shift in cultural values due to the influence of mainstream media and education. Simultaneously, there are strong efforts from within these communities to counter these trends. Local organizations, elders, and youth-led initiatives are actively involved in cultural revival through festivals, community schools, language documentation, and digital archiving. Government policies and non-governmental interventions also play a role, though their impact varies in effectiveness and reach. This study highlights the importance of culturally sensitive policy-making that empowers indigenous voices and supports sustainable cultural transmission. It concludes that while the threat of cultural loss is significant, the resilience and adaptability of Assam's indigenous communities offer hope for the preservation of their unique identities. A multi-stakeholder approach that includes education reform, legal recognition of cultural rights, and funding for community initiatives is essential for meaningful cultural sustainability.

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Indigenous communities, cultural preservation, Assam, language decline, identity

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Fractional ownership is redefining investment access in India by enabling retail investors to participate in global equity markets that were previously accessible only to high-net-worth individuals. This study, structured across eight comprehensive sections starting with an introduction that highlights how high capital thresholds once restricted Indian participation in global markets, while fractional investing now democratizes access, allowing for diversification, currency hedging, and exposure to cutting-edge sectors such as AI, biotechnology, and semiconductors. The theoretical framework is grounded in Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT), which supports the inclusion of fractional assets for optimal risk-adjusted returns, while also addressing behavioural finance concepts such as herd mentality and loss aversion, along with the challenges of currency risk. A review of traditional Indian investment habits reveals a reliance on fixed deposits, gold, and domestic equities, assets that offer safety but lack international diversification, further limited by resistance to change and gaps in financial literacy. In the context of global macro-financial trends, fractional investing aligns with a broader movement toward inclusive and tech-enabled access to high-growth global industries. The significance of this study lies in its multifaceted impact: it provides empirical guidance for investors, usability insights for fintech platforms, policy inputs for regulators, and theoretical contributions to academia. Empirical findings demonstrate that fractional global equities reduce portfolio volatility by 16.9%, enhance risk-adjusted returns, and improve sectoral diversification. The discussion reveals that young, digitally savvy professionals are early adopters, while middle-class investors remain cautious, requiring clearer regulatory frameworks and educational support. The concluding section recommends policy reforms including transparent taxation, refined LRS limits, and investor education initiatives, while suggesting future research into long-term performance metrics, behavioural patterns, and international regulatory comparisons. Overall, this study offers a timely and evidence-based exploration of fractional ownership's growing role in reshaping India's investment landscape.

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 Keywords

Fractional Investing, Portfolio Diversification, Risk-Adjusted Returns, Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT), Behavioural Biases, Currency Hedging, Retail Investors, Financial Inclusion, Liberalized Remittance Scheme (LRS), Global Equity Markets, FinTech Platforms, Micro-Investing, Investor Protection, Regulatory Frameworks, Cross-Border Investing, Digital Payments, High-Growth Sectors, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Biotechnology Investments, Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs), Taxation Compliance, Empirical

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The rise of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) has transformed the landscape of rural development and women's empowerment in India. Among the most successful examples is the Kudumbasree Mission in Kerala, which integrates poverty alleviation, microfinance, and community participation. This paper explores the socio-economic impact of Kudumbasree SHGs in Varandarappilly Panchayath of Thrissur district. This study uses both primary and secondary data. Primary data collected from 100 Kudumbashree members , this study employs descriptive analysis and simple statistical tools to examine changes in savings behaviour, credit access, income generation, and social decision-making. The findings reveal a positive correlation between SHG participation and improvements in financial independence, confidence, and standard of living, although challenges remain in employment generation and market linkage. The paper concludes with policy suggestions to enhance the sustainability and inclusiveness of SHG-based development.

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Grassroots Empowerment and Economic Transformation: A Study of Kudumbasree and Self-Help Groups in Thrissur, Kerala

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This paper investigates the relationship between interim financial reporting and earnings management (EM) in Indian firms, analysing the regulatory framework, accounting standards, and the implications of such practices on financial transparency. Using data from listed companies, it examines how interim reporting influences earnings management, particularly focusing on periods of quarterly disclosures mandated by SEBI and ICAI. The study highlights that despite regulatory efforts, Indian firms exhibit significant earnings management practices during interim periods, with a higher incidence compared to annual reports. This research identifies key factors contributing to EM, such as firm size, industry type, market expectations, and governance structures, which influence the extent of earnings manipulation. Additionally, the paper discusses the effectiveness of the regulatory and accounting frameworks, particularly the transition from Accounting Standard (AS) 25 to Ind AS 34, which aligns with international standards. The findings indicate that the limited review process and less stringent scrutiny of interim reports contribute to the persistence of earnings management. The paper concludes by offering recommendations for improving the regulatory framework, enhancing audit quality, and strengthening governance mechanisms to curb earnings manipulation and ensure the reliability of interim financial reporting in India.

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 Keywords

Interim financial reporting, earnings management, Indian firms, SEBI regulations, Ind AS 34, accounting standards, financial transparency, corporate governance, audit quality, quarterly disclosures.

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