Volume 6 | Issue 3 |

 Abstract

Morphometry of the terrestrial slug Laevicaulis alte (Gastropoda: Styllomatophora) was carried out. Slugs were collected from the foot hills of Southern Western Ghats region of Courtallam area. Frequency distributions were calculated on the basis of animal length, breadth and live body weight (at motion and at rest). The study revealed significant positive correlation ( P>0.05 ) of the length and breadth of the slug with relevance to body weight of the animal at motion and at rest. The regression equation of length at motion was y = 1.169x + 0.516, (R2 = 0.983) and at rest it was y = 0.684x + 0.76 (R2=0.988); the breadth at motion y = 0.276x + 0.541 (R2 = 0.851) and at rest y = 0.414x + 0.713 (R2=0.839). Morphometric measurements are basic details of the animal to study taxonomy, comparison of distribution of similar species and their ecobiology.

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 Keywords

Laevicaulis alte, morphometry, length, breadth, body weight.

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 Abstract

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natural justice, equality, procedure, due process, personal liberty

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Micro Finance has become is recent years, a fulcrum for development initiative for the poor, particularly in the third world countries. It has been practiced in varying forms in different countries and has come to be regarded as important tool for poverty alienation through social and economical development of poor, with focus on empowering women. It was observed that Microfinance often gets equated nearly as credit for Micro enterprises while the poor also needs savings, consumption loans, having loans and insurance services.

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Key Words: Micro Finance, consumption loans, insurance services

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: In the recent years of development, the abundant use of power electronics based components and systems have made a major impact on power quality of electric power supply of distribution system and raised various power quality issues. There are various technologies used for mitigation of power quality related problems. One of them is shunt active power filter(SAPF). A modified harmonic detection method based on Gauss-Newton method is used for three phase three wire shunt active power filter. The main objective of this method is to compensate for load harmonic current. A model of three-phase three wire SAPF based on the proposed modified recursive Gauss-Newton method is developed using MATLAB/Simulink. Synchronous Reference Frame theory [SRFT] is a well-known reference current generation technique, used for mitigation of harmonics. Both the reference generation method is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink and their performance comparison has been discussed. .

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Shunt active power filter(SAPF), Gauss-Newton method, Synchronous Reference Frame Theory, Hysteresis current controller band(HBCC)

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Biodegradation of biomedical waste (LDPE) samples using microbial consortium of microorganisms was monitored as a function of number of days and the results were presented in Percentage weight loss due to degradation was determined by subtracting the weight of the sample taken out on a particular day i.e., 40 days of exposure from the initial weight ie., the weight of the sample at the start of degradation study each time. It was observed from the results that percentage weight loss by Bacillus cereus, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis revealed 34.61, 26.92 and 15.38 %. Similarly, when the polymer LDPE was pretreated with UV exposure it was 46.15% for Bacillus cereus UV treated sample followed by Bacillus licheniformis exhibited 38.46% and Bacillus subtilis revealed 26.92 %. In the present study, bacteria cultured on nutrient broth medium until the mid - exponential phase was transferred to the test tube with constant volume of 1.2 ml to which increasing volumes of hexadecane were added. Bacillus cereus incubated in a liquid medium containing polyethylene as sole carbon source colonized the polyethylene and formed a sparse biofilm. BATH assay demonstrated that hydrophobicity of Bacillus cereus exhibited 89% and it was very high in compared to Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis.

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Biodegradation, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis, Uv, BATH.

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A crucial role in determining educational motivation is played by gender. The difference in educational attainment that is found between boys and girls provides evidence that educational motivation is highly gender specific. It is argued that differential market returns to educational investment in girls and boys are important determinants of parental decisions regarding schooling. Also social considerations such as perceptions of gender roles (implicit in the sexual division of labour) and son preference (biased intra-household allocation of resources) have led to educational discrimination against the female child. The perceived difference in benefits for boys and girls has definitely led to an undervaluation of female education and this is implicit in the high female non-enrolment rates and drop-out rates at different levels of education. This study attempts to analyse the gender gap in education by considering attendance ratio. The study focuses on West Bengal on the basis of data available in NSSO 52nd round.

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gender, education, attendance ratio

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In the present research Indian traditional dairy product burfi was prepared by blending finger millet with khoa in the different proportions like T1, T2, T3, T4 and T0 as 97 parts of buffalo milk khoa by weight and 3 Parts of Finger millet, 94 parts of buffalo milk khoa by weight and 6 parts of finger millet, 91 parts of buffalo milk khoa by weight and 9 parts of finger millet, 88 parts of buffalo milk khoa by weight and 12 parts of finger millet and 100 parts of buffalo milk khoa by weight without finger millet respectively. The aim of the investigation was to optimize the level of finger millet in burfi, to access the sensory properties of finger millet burfi, to study the chemical composition of finger millet burfi and to study the textural properties of finger millet burfi. The results revealed that all the sensory evaluation parameters like colour & appearance, flavour body & texture and overall acceptability values decreased as the percentage of finger millet in the burfi increased. Chemical composition parameters like moisture, fat and protein decreased with increase in the percentage of finger millet in the final product while carbohydrate, total solids and ash per cent increased with the increase in the finger millet percent in the finger millet burfi. The overall textural profile of burfi showed that sample T1 was superior to that of T0, T2, T3 and T4 treatments. From the investigation, finally it is concluded that the burfi blended with 3 per cent finger millet powder is more nutritious, acceptable and cheap for consumers

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STUDIES ON PREPARATION OF BURFI BLENDED WITH FINGER MILLET

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Mobile commerce (m-commerce) has emerged as one of the most transformative developments in the digital economy. Enabled by the rapid penetration of smartphones, affordable internet services, and advanced digital payment ecosystems, m-commerce has significantly altered consumer behaviour and business strategies worldwide. This paper examines the evolution of mobile commerce, key drivers behind its growth, emerging trends, challenges, and future opportunities. It also highlights the economic and social impact of m-commerce across global and developing markets.

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affordable internet services, and advanced digital payment ecosystems, m-commerce

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The present study examined the effects of own body exercises and plyometric training on selected speed performance among kabaddi players. Sixty male intercollegiate kabaddi players aged 19-22 years were randomly assigned into three equal groups (n=20 each): Experimental Group I (own body exercises), Experimental Group II (plyometric training), and a Control Group. Both experimental groups underwent a 12-week training program, while the control group received no special treatment. Speed was assessed through 50-meter sprint tests before and after the intervention. The pre-test means for speed were 7.04 sec (own body exercises), 7.06 sec (plyometric training), and 7.09 sec (control), with no significant difference (F=0.40, p>0.05). The post-test means were 6.90 sec, 6.93 sec, and 7.07 sec respectively, revealing a significant difference (F=5.33, p<0.05). ANCOVA results on adjusted post-test means (6.92, 6.94, 7.05) further confirmed significant group differences (F=24.79, p<0.05). Post-hoc analysis indicated that both own body exercises and plyometric training significantly improved speed compared to the control (MD=0.13 and MD=0.11, respectively), but no significant difference was observed between the two experimental groups (MD=0.01, p>0.05). The findings suggest that both own body exercises and plyometric training are effective in improving sprint speed among kabaddi players, highlighting their applicability in enhancing game-related performance.

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Kabaddi players, speed, own body exercises, plyometric training and kabaddi players

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The increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and the parallel growth of renewable energy sources have positioned Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology as a critical enabler of sustainable energy transitions. V2G allows bidirectional power flow between EVs and the grid, offering services such as peak load management, frequency and voltage regulation, and improved integration of intermittent renewables. A comprehensive review of recent literature reveals significant opportunities, including reduced system costs, enhanced grid resilience, and new revenue streams for EV owners. However, widespread deployment faces multiple challenges. Technically, battery degradation, interoperability of charging standards, communication protocols, and grid stability under large-scale EV integration remain critical issues. From an institutional and policy perspective, barriers include non-harmonized standards, inadequate business models, regulatory uncertainty, and limited consumer awareness. While pilot projects demonstrate the feasibility of V2G, global implementation requires coordinated advances in battery technologies, charging infrastructure, smart grid systems, and supportive policy frameworks. This study synthesizes insights from state-of-the-art research to highlight both the potential and the bottlenecks of V2G adoption. It further identifies research gaps in socio-technical and institutional domains, underscoring the need for harmonized standards, stakeholder cooperation, and innovative market mechanisms. By bridging technical and policy perspectives, this review contributes to advancing V2G as a cornerstone of future low-carbon power and transport systems.

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 Keywords

Electric vehicles (EVs), Vehicle-to-grid (V2G), Grid-to-vehicle (G2V), Bidirectional charging, Battery performance and degradation, Interoperability and standards (OCPP, ISO 15118, CHAdeMO), Renewable energy integration, Demand response and peak load management, Policy and regulation, Sustainable energy transition.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition