ISSN Approved Journal No: 2320-2882 | Impact factor: 7.97 | ESTD Year: 2013
Scholarly open access journals, Peer-reviewed, and Refereed Journals, Impact factor 7.97 (Calculate by google scholar and Semantic Scholar | AI-Powered Research Tool) , Multidisciplinary, Monthly, Indexing in all major database & Metadata, Citation Generator, Digital Object Identifier(DOI)
IJCRT Journal front page | IJCRT Journal Back Page |
Paper Title: AIR QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEM
Author Name(s): Shravana Shetty, Mahaveera K, Suraksha S Bolar, Suman Kumar, Sushmitha G J
Published Paper ID: - IJCRTX020019
Register Paper ID - 239788
Publisher Journal Name: IJPUBLICATION, IJCRT
DOI Member ID: 10.6084/m9.doi.one.IJCRTX020019 and DOI :
Author Country : Indian Author, India, - , -, - , | Research Area: Science and Technology Published Paper URL: http://ijcrt.org/viewfull.php?&p_id=IJCRTX020019 Published Paper PDF: download.php?file=IJCRTX020019 Published Paper PDF: http://www.ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRTX020019.pdf
Title: AIR QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEM
DOI (Digital Object Identifier) :
Pubished in Volume: 11 | Issue: 6 | Year: June 2023
Publisher Name : IJCRT | www.ijcrt.org | ISSN : 2320-2882
Subject Area: Science and Technology
Author type: Indian Author
Pubished in Volume: 11
Issue: 6
Pages: 96-105
Year: June 2023
Downloads: 278
E-ISSN Number: 2320-2882
Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0
Outdoor Air Pollution, Air Quality Index, Public Health, Wi-Fi
Paper Title: AUTOMATIC WIRELESS ELECTRICITY METER READING SYSTEM
Author Name(s): Rakshath Kumar, Akshay, Pratheeksha, Rashmitha Bhat, Chetan R, Dr. Guruprasad
Published Paper ID: - IJCRTX020018
Register Paper ID - 239802
Publisher Journal Name: IJPUBLICATION, IJCRT
DOI Member ID: 10.6084/m9.doi.one.IJCRTX020018 and DOI :
Author Country : Indian Author, India, - , -, - , | Research Area: Science and Technology Published Paper URL: http://ijcrt.org/viewfull.php?&p_id=IJCRTX020018 Published Paper PDF: download.php?file=IJCRTX020018 Published Paper PDF: http://www.ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRTX020018.pdf
Title: AUTOMATIC WIRELESS ELECTRICITY METER READING SYSTEM
DOI (Digital Object Identifier) :
Pubished in Volume: 11 | Issue: 6 | Year: June 2023
Publisher Name : IJCRT | www.ijcrt.org | ISSN : 2320-2882
Subject Area: Science and Technology
Author type: Indian Author
Pubished in Volume: 11
Issue: 6
Pages: 96-102
Year: June 2023
Downloads: 336
E-ISSN Number: 2320-2882
The system is designed for reading electrical energy consumed in units and in rupees to display on an LCD screen as well as in the dedicated application to the user. Owing to high electricity cost these days it becomes necessary for the consumer to know as to how much electricity is consumed to control electricity bill within his budget. This system aims to develop an IOT-based energy meter reading system using Node-MCU. The system is designed to monitor and control the energy consumption of a household or an industry in real-time. Node-MCU is an open-source platform that provides a micro-controller with built-in Wi-Fi capabilities, making it an ideal platform for developing IOT-based systems. The energy meter is connected to Node-MCU, and the energy consumption data is transmitted wirelessly to a cloud-based server. The data can be accessed and analyzed remotely using a web application. The proposed Electric vehicle control system is implemented on a prototype tricycle chassis. Overall, the paper proposes a cost- effective motor drive control system for electric vehicles, with closed-loop PWM control and an electronic differential control loop. It offers efficiency, reliability, and a smooth driving experience, making it an ideal solution for sustainable transportation and a significant contribution to the field.
Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0
Automatic meter reading (AMR), Power Line Carrier (PLC), Radio Frequency (RF).
Paper Title: ROBOT ASSISTANCE FOR THE VISUALLY IMPAIRED
Author Name(s): Shreya Udupa S, Sneha J S, Tulasi D J, Yashwanth Naik
Published Paper ID: - IJCRTX020017
Register Paper ID - 239801
Publisher Journal Name: IJPUBLICATION, IJCRT
DOI Member ID: 10.6084/m9.doi.one.IJCRTX020017 and DOI :
Author Country : Indian Author, India, - , -, - , | Research Area: Science and Technology Published Paper URL: http://ijcrt.org/viewfull.php?&p_id=IJCRTX020017 Published Paper PDF: download.php?file=IJCRTX020017 Published Paper PDF: http://www.ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRTX020017.pdf
Title: ROBOT ASSISTANCE FOR THE VISUALLY IMPAIRED
DOI (Digital Object Identifier) :
Pubished in Volume: 11 | Issue: 6 | Year: June 2023
Publisher Name : IJCRT | www.ijcrt.org | ISSN : 2320-2882
Subject Area: Science and Technology
Author type: Indian Author
Pubished in Volume: 11
Issue: 6
Pages: 90-95
Year: June 2023
Downloads: 256
E-ISSN Number: 2320-2882
The eyes are the primary sensory organ of an individual, and a mere look around us is enough to comprehend the significance of the vision. Individuals who are visually impaired face the daunting challenge of dealing with blindness, which can create a range of difficulties in their daily lives. Blind people often encounter struggles in performing even the simplest of tasks without the help of those who can see. This creates a sense of helplessness and inadequacy, causing them to feel like a burden to their loved ones. In addition, they face difficulty in recognizing and avoiding objects, making daily activities even more challenging. Our project's objective is to aid individuals with visual impairments in their daily activities, including navigation and object identification. This is achieved through the implementation of a voice-enabled system which is built using a Raspberry Pi 3B+ microcontroller, ultrasonic sensor (HC-SR04), voice module (APR33A3), and a Bluetooth speaker that guides visually challenged individuals in their day-to-day tasks, such as detecting obstacles and recognizing objects. The device incorporates the COCO dataset and TensorFlow Lite model for object recognition.Sensors and the microcontroller-based automated intelligent ghee-making unit will greatly add technology to the individual kitchen. The proposed unit will increase the quality of ghee prepared and ensure uniform ghee. It is also cost-effective so that units can be greatly accepted by individual kitchens, especially in India. The proposed Electric vehicle control system is implemented on a prototype tricycle chassis. Overall, the paper proposes a cost- effective motor drive control system for electric vehicles, with closed-loop PWM control and an electronic differential control loop. It offers efficiency, reliability, and a smooth driving experience, making it an ideal solution for sustainable transportation and a significant contribution to the field.
Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0
microcontroller, Bluetooth speaker, voice module, Ultrasonic sensor, COCO dataset, TensorFlow.
Paper Title: GST TRACKING SYSTEM
Author Name(s): Abhijna S R, Anushree C R, Divyashree S, Prabha G S
Published Paper ID: - IJCRTX020016
Register Paper ID - 239800
Publisher Journal Name: IJPUBLICATION, IJCRT
DOI Member ID: 10.6084/m9.doi.one.IJCRTX020016 and DOI :
Author Country : Indian Author, India, - , -, - , | Research Area: Science and Technology Published Paper URL: http://ijcrt.org/viewfull.php?&p_id=IJCRTX020016 Published Paper PDF: download.php?file=IJCRTX020016 Published Paper PDF: http://www.ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRTX020016.pdf
Title: GST TRACKING SYSTEM
DOI (Digital Object Identifier) :
Pubished in Volume: 11 | Issue: 6 | Year: June 2023
Publisher Name : IJCRT | www.ijcrt.org | ISSN : 2320-2882
Subject Area: Science and Technology
Author type: Indian Author
Pubished in Volume: 11
Issue: 6
Pages: 86-89
Year: June 2023
Downloads: 251
E-ISSN Number: 2320-2882
Goods and Services Tax (GST) is the tax applied to domestically consumed goods and services. This tax system is helpful in the creation of a uniform tax system across the country. The tax is included in the final price of the product. The customer who buys the product pays its price inclusive of the GST. The seller or retailer then forwards its GST portion to the government. We have focused on building a customer-friendly GST tracking system in which customers can track the GST amount they have paid to the retailer. It helps to automate the process of capturing and storing data related to the GST amount paid by customers to a particular shopkeeper and to provide the customers with an easy-to-use web interface to search for the GST amountpaid to the shopkeeper using their GSTIN number. The proposed GST Tracking System is a comprehensive solution that utilizes variousMicrosoft technologies to track goods and services tax data efficiently and effectively. One of the key benefits of this system is its real-time data processing capability. By scanningbarcodes and converting the data into an Excel sheet in real- time, the system can provide up-to-date information on GST data and is the ability to display data on a webpage via a static web app. By allowing users to enter a GSTIN number and retrieve relevant data, the system provides an easy-to-use interface to track and manage GST data. Sensors and the microcontroller-based automated intelligent ghee-making unit will greatly add technology to the individual kitchen. The proposed unit will increase the quality of ghee prepared and ensure uniform ghee. It is also cost-effective so that units can be greatly accepted by individual kitchens, especially in India. The proposed Electric vehicle control system is implemented on a prototype tricycle chassis. Overall, the paper proposes a cost- effective motor drive control system for electric vehicles, with closed-loop PWM control and an electronic differential control loop. It offers efficiency, reliability, and a smooth driving experience, making it an ideal solution for sustainable transportation and a significant contribution to the field.
Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0
GST, Cloud, Tracking System
Paper Title: IoT BASED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES STORAGE MONITORING AND MACHINE LEARNING BASED SHELF-LIFE AND DISEASE DETECTION SYSTEM
Author Name(s): Akash A M, Sanjana Honnappa Harikantra, Thrupthi P R, Vandana Annappa Alur, Prof. Gourish S Hegde
Published Paper ID: - IJCRTX020015
Register Paper ID - 239799
Publisher Journal Name: IJPUBLICATION, IJCRT
DOI Member ID: 10.6084/m9.doi.one.IJCRTX020015 and DOI :
Author Country : Indian Author, India, - , -, - , | Research Area: Science and Technology Published Paper URL: http://ijcrt.org/viewfull.php?&p_id=IJCRTX020015 Published Paper PDF: download.php?file=IJCRTX020015 Published Paper PDF: http://www.ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRTX020015.pdf
Title: IOT BASED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES STORAGE MONITORING AND MACHINE LEARNING BASED SHELF-LIFE AND DISEASE DETECTION SYSTEM
DOI (Digital Object Identifier) :
Pubished in Volume: 11 | Issue: 6 | Year: June 2023
Publisher Name : IJCRT | www.ijcrt.org | ISSN : 2320-2882
Subject Area: Science and Technology
Author type: Indian Author
Pubished in Volume: 11
Issue: 6
Pages: 82-85
Year: June 2023
Downloads: 353
E-ISSN Number: 2320-2882
We propose a novel system using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) on Raspberry Pi, integrated with a DHT-11 sensor for temperature and humidity monitoring. This system enables real-time monitoring of the storage environment, early disease detection, and accurate shelf-life prediction for fruits and vegetables. By ensuring optimal conditions and detecting diseases promptly, the system reduces food waste, prevents spoilage, and improves produce quality and safety. Sensors and the microcontroller-based automated intelligent ghee-making unit will greatly add technology to the individual kitchen. The proposed unit will increase the quality of ghee prepared and ensure uniform ghee. It is also cost-effective so that units can be greatly accepted by individual kitchens, especially in India. The proposed Electric vehicle control system is implemented on a prototype tricycle chassis. Overall, the paper proposes a cost- effective motor drive control system for electric vehicles, with closed-loop PWM control and an electronic differential control loop. It offers efficiency, reliability, and a smooth driving experience, making it an ideal solution for sustainable transportation and a significant contribution to the field.
Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0
Raspberry Pi 3, DHT-11, CNN
Paper Title: ANALYSIS Of CUSTOMER SENTIMENT THROUGH COMPUTATIONAL STUDY OF PRODUCT REVIEWS USING MACHINE LEARNING APPROACH
Author Name(s): Preetha D’Souza, Ashitha Naik, Bhargavi Pai, Meghana R, Misika
Published Paper ID: - IJCRTX020014
Register Paper ID - 239798
Publisher Journal Name: IJPUBLICATION, IJCRT
DOI Member ID: 10.6084/m9.doi.one.IJCRTX020014 and DOI :
Author Country : Indian Author, India, - , -, - , | Research Area: Science and Technology Published Paper URL: http://ijcrt.org/viewfull.php?&p_id=IJCRTX020014 Published Paper PDF: download.php?file=IJCRTX020014 Published Paper PDF: http://www.ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRTX020014.pdf
Title: ANALYSIS OF CUSTOMER SENTIMENT THROUGH COMPUTATIONAL STUDY OF PRODUCT REVIEWS USING MACHINE LEARNING APPROACH
DOI (Digital Object Identifier) :
Pubished in Volume: 11 | Issue: 6 | Year: June 2023
Publisher Name : IJCRT | www.ijcrt.org | ISSN : 2320-2882
Subject Area: Science and Technology
Author type: Indian Author
Pubished in Volume: 11
Issue: 6
Pages: 75-81
Year: June 2023
Downloads: 222
E-ISSN Number: 2320-2882
Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0
Sentiment Analysis, TF-IDF, Support Vector Machine, Naive Bayes, Decision Tree, Accuracy, Precision, Recall,F- Score and CountVectorizer library.
Paper Title: REMOTE CONTROL FOR PHOTOGRAPHY AND VIDEO RECORDING USING ANDROID PHONE AND WiFi
Author Name(s): Rachana R, Rachana Shetty, Sharvani, Shivali Savant, Mrs.Flavita Janice Pinto, Mr.Sathish Kumar K
Published Paper ID: - IJCRTX020013
Register Paper ID - 239797
Publisher Journal Name: IJPUBLICATION, IJCRT
DOI Member ID: 10.6084/m9.doi.one.IJCRTX020013 and DOI :
Author Country : Indian Author, India, - , -, - , | Research Area: Science and Technology Published Paper URL: http://ijcrt.org/viewfull.php?&p_id=IJCRTX020013 Published Paper PDF: download.php?file=IJCRTX020013 Published Paper PDF: http://www.ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRTX020013.pdf
Title: REMOTE CONTROL FOR PHOTOGRAPHY AND VIDEO RECORDING USING ANDROID PHONE AND WIFI
DOI (Digital Object Identifier) :
Pubished in Volume: 11 | Issue: 6 | Year: June 2023
Publisher Name : IJCRT | www.ijcrt.org | ISSN : 2320-2882
Subject Area: Science and Technology
Author type: Indian Author
Pubished in Volume: 11
Issue: 6
Pages: 72-74
Year: June 2023
Downloads: 244
E-ISSN Number: 2320-2882
Remote control system that enables wireless photography and video recording using an Android phone and a Wi-Fi network. The proposed system consists of an Android application, a microcontroller, a Wi-Fi module, and a camera. The Android application allows the user to remotely control the camera's focus, zoom, and shutter using their phone's touchscreen. The microcontroller esp32 and Wi-Fi module are used to establish a wireless connection between the camera and the Android phone to capture the images and can be send to our mobile phone. The ESP32- CAM is programmed to send signals to the servo motors, which rotate the camera in the desired direction. The ESP32-CAM board is connected to a power supply and to the servo motors via jumper wires and a breadboard. The board is programmed using Arduino IDE to control the servo motors. The code sets the initial positions of the servo motors, and creates a control interface for the pan-tilt movements. The control interface is accessed through mobile device connected to the same network as the ESP32-CAM. The ESP32-CAM continuously receives signals from the control interface and sends corresponding signals to the servo motors, allowing the user to move the camera in any direction. The system also supports video recording and live preview of the camera's view finder on the Android phone's screen. The proposed remote-control system provides a cost-effective and user-friendly solution for photographers and videographers who want to control their cameras wirelessly and remotely.The basic functioning of a ghee-making machine involves heating butter in a vessel or tank, separating the milk solids from the liquid fat (clarification), and filtering the pure ghee through a fine mesh or cloth. Some machines also come with features such as automatic stirring, temperature control, and in-built filtration systems. While a ghee-making machine can save time and effort compared to traditional methods of making ghee, it is important to note that the quality of the final product depends on the quality of the butter used and the skill of the operator. Sensors and the microcontroller-based automated intelligent ghee-making unit will greatly add technology to the individual kitchen. The proposed unit will increase the quality of ghee prepared and ensure uniform ghee. It is also cost-effective so that units can be greatly accepted by individual kitchens, especially in India. The proposed Electric vehicle control system is implemented on a prototype tricycle chassis. Overall, the paper proposes a cost- effective motor drive control system for electric vehicles, with closed-loop PWM control and an electronic differential control loop. It offers efficiency, reliability, and a smooth driving experience, making it an ideal solution for sustainable transportation and a significant contribution to the field.
Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0
ESP32-Cam, WiFi, Servo Motors, Pan-Tilt, Android Phone.
Paper Title: GHEE MAKING MACHINE
Author Name(s): Abdul Hashir, Mohammad Fuad, Prajan LP, Sanath Kumar, 5 Mrs.Nagalakshmi B Naik, Mr.Sathish Kumar K
Published Paper ID: - IJCRTX020012
Register Paper ID - 239796
Publisher Journal Name: IJPUBLICATION, IJCRT
DOI Member ID: 10.6084/m9.doi.one.IJCRTX020012 and DOI :
Author Country : Indian Author, India, - , -, - , | Research Area: Science and Technology Published Paper URL: http://ijcrt.org/viewfull.php?&p_id=IJCRTX020012 Published Paper PDF: download.php?file=IJCRTX020012 Published Paper PDF: http://www.ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRTX020012.pdf
Title: GHEE MAKING MACHINE
DOI (Digital Object Identifier) :
Pubished in Volume: 11 | Issue: 6 | Year: June 2023
Publisher Name : IJCRT | www.ijcrt.org | ISSN : 2320-2882
Subject Area: Science and Technology
Author type: Indian Author
Pubished in Volume: 11
Issue: 6
Pages: 67-71
Year: June 2023
Downloads: 277
E-ISSN Number: 2320-2882
Ghee-making machine is a device designed to facilitate the process of making ghee. Ghee is a type of clarified butter commonly used in Indian cuisine. There are various types of ghee-making machines available in the market, ranging from small household appliances to larger industrial-scale equipment. The basic functioning of a ghee-making machine involves heating butter in a vessel or tank, separating the milk solids from the liquid fat (clarification), and filtering the pure ghee through a fine mesh or cloth. Some machines also come with features such as automatic stirring, temperature control, and in-built filtration systems. While a ghee-making machine can save time and effort compared to traditional methods of making ghee, it is important to note that the quality of the final product depends on the quality of the butter used and the skill of the operator. Sensors and the microcontroller-based automated intelligent ghee-making unit will greatly add technology to the individual kitchen. The proposed unit will increase the quality of ghee prepared and ensure uniform ghee. It is also cost-effective so that units can be greatly accepted by individual kitchens, especially in India. The proposed Electric vehicle control system is implemented on a prototype tricycle chassis. Overall, the paper proposes a cost- effective motor drive control system for electric vehicles, with closed-loop PWM control and an electronic differential control loop. It offers efficiency, reliability, and a smooth driving experience, making it an ideal solution for sustainable transportation and a significant contribution to the field.
Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0
Clarification, Thermocouples and Integrated Development Environment.
Paper Title: ATTENDANCE USING GPS AND SELFIE
Author Name(s): Bhagyasree Vijayakumar, Sooraj M P, Sreekanth B, Mrs. Deeksha, M r Sathish Kumar K
Published Paper ID: - IJCRTX020011
Register Paper ID - 239795
Publisher Journal Name: IJPUBLICATION, IJCRT
DOI Member ID: 10.6084/m9.doi.one.IJCRTX020011 and DOI :
Author Country : Indian Author, India, - , -, - , | Research Area: Science and Technology Published Paper URL: http://ijcrt.org/viewfull.php?&p_id=IJCRTX020011 Published Paper PDF: download.php?file=IJCRTX020011 Published Paper PDF: http://www.ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRTX020011.pdf
Title: ATTENDANCE USING GPS AND SELFIE
DOI (Digital Object Identifier) :
Pubished in Volume: 11 | Issue: 6 | Year: June 2023
Publisher Name : IJCRT | www.ijcrt.org | ISSN : 2320-2882
Subject Area: Science and Technology
Author type: Indian Author
Pubished in Volume: 11
Issue: 6
Pages: 63-66
Year: June 2023
Downloads: 232
E-ISSN Number: 2320-2882
In an organization there are several departments, each section has to perform necessary operations like data collection and preparation, entry, updates monitoring and reporting of data. The bang in the capabilities and features of mobile devices, like Smartphone's, tablets, and wearable's, combined with the ubiquitous and affordable Internet access and the advances in the areas of cooperative networking. Public want to get their things done as quickly as possible. They want effortless and fast access to each and everything. This paper analyzes the current attendance system with time- consuming, labor-intensive, low efficiency and many other shortcomings, and proposes an attendance system based on face recognition and GPS tracking and positioning. We have set up a number of functions in this system, not only adding a manual part, but also solving the phenomenon of students asking for leave and being late on the attendance system. At the same time, the system can meet the basic needs of classroom attendance. Whenever the class teacher is ready to start attendance, students can sign in according to the teacher's instructions.execute missions for the drone. The proposed Electric vehicle control system is implemented on a prototype tricycle chassis. Overall, the paper proposes a cost- effective motor drive control system for electric vehicles, with closed-loop PWM control and an electronic differential control loop. It offers efficiency, reliability, and a smooth driving experience, making it an ideal solution for sustainable transportation and a significant contribution to the field.
Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0
Attendance, GPS, Face Recognition.
Paper Title: CHATBOT FOR COLLEGE CAMPUS
Author Name(s): Likhitha A S, M Smitha Poojary, Rachana H M, Shruthi R K, Clitus Neil D�souza ,Sathish Kumar K
Published Paper ID: - IJCRTX020010
Register Paper ID - 239794
Publisher Journal Name: IJPUBLICATION, IJCRT
DOI Member ID: 10.6084/m9.doi.one.IJCRTX020010 and DOI :
Author Country : Indian Author, India, - , -, - , | Research Area: Science and Technology Published Paper URL: http://ijcrt.org/viewfull.php?&p_id=IJCRTX020010 Published Paper PDF: download.php?file=IJCRTX020010 Published Paper PDF: http://www.ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRTX020010.pdf
Title: CHATBOT FOR COLLEGE CAMPUS
DOI (Digital Object Identifier) :
Pubished in Volume: 11 | Issue: 6 | Year: June 2023
Publisher Name : IJCRT | www.ijcrt.org | ISSN : 2320-2882
Subject Area: Science and Technology
Author type: Indian Author
Pubished in Volume: 11
Issue: 6
Pages: 59-62
Year: June 2023
Downloads: 390
E-ISSN Number: 2320-2882
A chatbot using Python programming language for a college campus to improve communication and accessibility among students, parents, faculty, and staff. The chatbot will be trained on a dataset of frequently asked questions and information about the campus using NLP techniques. It will be deployed on the college campus's website or social media platforms using Python web frameworks. The chatbot's effectiveness will be evaluated through user feedback, and the data collected will be used to enhance its capabilities. The chatbot will provide a personalized and convenient way for students to access information, and it will reduce the workload of administrative staff.In this project, we have developed a drone equipped with GPS tracking and mission planning capabilities using Raspberry Pi and Pixhawk. The drone is capable of autonomously flying over a designated area and providing basic medical assistance to the emergency situation specifically on those areas that are difficult to reach for the common vehicles and also when emergency vehicles are stuck in traffic, which can be used to optimize various applications. We have also developed a mission planning software that allows users to easily plan and execute missions for the drone. The proposed Electric vehicle control system is implemented on a prototype tricycle chassis. Overall, the paper proposes a cost- effective motor drive control system for electric vehicles, with closed-loop PWM control and an electronic differential control loop. It offers efficiency, reliability, and a smooth driving experience, making it an ideal solution for sustainable transportation and a significant contribution to the field.
Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0
NLP, Dataset, Deployment, Model training, Pre-processing