Volume 14 | Issue 5 |

 Abstract

Plant diseases are one of the major factors affecting crop quality and agricultural productivity. Early detection of plant diseases is important for reducing crop damage and improving farming efficiency. In this work, a Deep Learning-based plant disease detection system is developed using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) for identifying diseases from plant leaf images. The developed model uses the PlantVillage dataset containing healthy and diseased leaf images from different crop categories. Before training the model, preprocessing techniques such as image resizing, normalization, and data augmentation are applied to improve prediction performance. The CNN model automatically extracts important features from leaf images and classifies different plant diseases with better accuracy. During testing, the system successfully identified diseases such as bacterial spot, early blight, late blight, and leaf mold within less processing time. The developed model reduces manual effort and supports faster disease identification compared to traditional disease detection methods. The obtained results show that Deep Learning techniques can provide reliable support for smart agriculture applications. The proposed work can be further improved by integrating mobile applications, IoT-based monitoring systems, and real-time crop analysis technologies.

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 Keywords

Deep Learning, Plant Disease Detection, Convolutional Neural Network, Image Processing, Smart Agriculture, CNN.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Social protection programmes play an important role in reducing poverty and promoting inclusive development, but their effectiveness depends largely on governance systems guiding their formulation and implementation. This study examines adherence to good governance principles in the implementation of social protection policy programmes in India, focusing on financial management, data governance, stakeholder engagement, and institutional collaboration. The study adopts a qualitative descriptive case study design and uses secondary data from government reports, institutional publications, and policy documents. Qualitative content analysis was applied to analyze governance practices. The findings reveal governance challenges including weak financial oversight, limited information integration, inadequate stakeholder engagement, and poor coordination among implementing institutions. These gaps contribute to inefficiencies and limit programme effectiveness. The study concludes that strengthening accountability, data management systems, stakeholder participation, and institutional collaboration is essential for improving the performance and effectiveness of social protection programmes.

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 Keywords

inclusive development, good governance, fiscal management, Societal Protection and stakeholder

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Rapid urbanization and population growth have intensified the global solid waste management challenge. Manual segregation is labor-intensive, error-prone, and hazardous. This paper presents an automated multi-class waste segregation system that integrates deep learning-based object detection with embedded hardware automation. The system employs a Raspberry Pi 4 as the central controller, a YOLOv6 based classification model, infrared proximity sensors, servo-motor-driven diverter arms, and a DC motor driven conveyor belt. Waste items placed on the conveyor are detected by a proximity sensor, halting the belt for image capture. The captured image is classified into one of four categories--plastic, paper, glass, or biodegradable--and the appropriate servo mechanism routes the waste to the correct collection bin. Experimental results demonstrate reliable real-time detection and sorting with minimal human intervention, offering a scalable solution for smart waste management applications.

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Waste Segregation, YOLOv6, Raspberry Pi, Object Detection, Conveyor Belt, Servo Motor, Deep Learning, Embedded Systems.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Quinoxaline and its fused heterocyclic derivatives constitute an important class of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds possessing remarkable chemical versatility and extensive biological activities. Owing to their electron-deficient aromatic framework and facile functionalization, quinoxaline derivatives have attracted considerable attention in medicinal chemistry, pharmaceutical sciences, and synthetic organic chemistry. The present review summarizes the chemistry, synthetic methodologies, structural modifications, and pharmacological significance of quinoxaline derivatives reported over the years. Various synthetic approaches including condensation of o-phenylenediamines with 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds, intramolecular cyclization reactions, ring contraction methods, and synthesis of quinoxaline-N-oxides have been discussed systematically. Particular emphasis has been placed on the diverse biological applications of quinoxaline analogues such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antituberculosis, anti-HIV, antidepressant, and antiglaucoma activities. Structure-activity relationship studies reveal that substitution patterns and fused heterocyclic systems significantly influence biological potency. In addition, recent developments in fused quinoxaline systems and their pharmaceutical relevance are highlighted. This review demonstrates that quinoxaline derivatives remain promising scaffolds for the development of novel therapeutic agents and functional organic materials.

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Keywords: Quinoxaline, Heterocyclic compounds, Anticancer activity, Antibacterial activity, Quinoxaline-N-oxides, Medicinal chemistry, Fused quinoxalines

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When a tall building is subjected to earthquake under the action of lateral loads, providing a suitable lateral force resisting system has a significant effect on the performance of the RC frame structure. The present study focuses on the study of system based strengthening systems for RC frame structure. The effectiveness of different locations of shear wall and X bracing on the RC frame structure has been carried out. For this study, a G+9 storied RC frame structure has been considered and structural behavior has been studied for time history at Pin Code: 370020 (Bhuj, Gujarat, India) taken of 2001-01-26 at 03:16:40 UTC of magnitude (M7). The RC frame structure models are analyzing by nonlinear dynamic time history as per IS 1893:2016(part1) using SAP2000 software. A comparative study has been performed on parameters namely, joint displacement, base shear, maximum bending moment, shear force and time period on the considered RC bare Frame and system based strengthening systems, thus, six number of models have analyzed and compared. From the study, it has been observed that the joint displacement of the bare frame with shear wall on corner edge decrease in the structure as compared to the bare frame in seismic zone V. Base shear value increases in the strengthened RC frame in comparison with bare frame. Maximum bending moment, maximum shear force value and time period values in frame model with shear wall and X bracing get reduced as compared to frame model without them. In the present study, analysis of G+9 story RC frame with and without system-based strengthening has been performed by nonlinear time history analysis using SAP2000, conclusions inferred is that the shear walls configured with the shear wall on corner edge with bare frame have been found beneficial as compared with other models.

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Prefabricated steel-concrete composite beams, Shear connectors, High-strength bolts, Shear resistance, Ductility, Push-out tests, Finite element analysis, Parametric study, Plasticity, Damage mechanics.

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Background: Tuberculosis is a specific infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis. The disease primarily affected lungs and causes pulmonary tuberculosis. It can also affect intestine, meanings, bone and joints, lymph gland, skin and other tissue of the body. The factor can affect someone to suffer from tuberculosis are low immunity generally due to malnutrition and unhealthy behavior. Tuberculosis affected all age group the incidence of infection increases sharply from infancy to adult. One percent of children in the age group under five are infected with tuberculosis as evidence by tuberculin test. The incidence of infection is more in male than female. Objective: The present study aimed to assess the level of knowledge regarding the prevention and control of pulmonary tuberculosis among adult in selected community area. Material and Method: In this study used one group pretest posttest design, the subject selected for the study was adults. The sample consists of 40 adults from selected community area, Satna. The study participants were selected by random sampling technique. A structured knowledge questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge of prevention and control of pulmonary tuberculosis. Results: The mean score is increased in the post test. The mean in the post test is 32.3 whereas the mean in the pretest is 10.9. The variation is decreased in posttest when compared to pre test.SD in the post test is 1.6 and in the pretest are 2.2. The mean improvement is 21.4. Though it was seen that the posttest knowledge score was more than the pre-test knowledge score, it is essential to put it under statistical significance. So suitably the paired t-test was chosen and worked out. The calculated t - value is 43.2 which is significant. The results undoubtedly confirm that the STP significantly was effective in improving the knowledge on prevention and control of pulmonary tuberculosis among adults. Conclusion: The study finding showed that there was a significant increase in the knowledge of adults after administration of STP regarding prevention and control of pulmonary tuberculosis. Hence it was concluded that STP has been an effective method to increase knowledge of adult regarding prevention and control of pulmonary tuberculosis.

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 Keywords

Effectiveness, Prevention, Pulmonary Tuberculosis

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Earthquakes represent one of the most devastating natural phenomena, capable of causing catastrophic damage to structures and significant loss of life. The design and analysis of multi-storey buildings to withstand seismic forces is therefore a critical aspect of modern structural engineering. ETABS (Extended Three-dimensional Analysis of Building Systems), developed by Computers and Structures, Inc. (CSI), has emerged as the industry-standard software for the seismic analysis and design of building structures worldwide. This article provides a comprehensive overview of seismic analysis methodologies applied to multi-storey buildings using ETABS. It covers the theoretical foundations of earthquake engineering, the various analysis methods available -- static, response spectrum, and time history -- and their practical implementation within the ETABS environment. Key parameters such as base shear, storey drift, storey displacement, and mode shapes are discussed with reference to codal provisions including IS 1893, ASCE 7, and Eurocode 8. Results from a representative case study of a G+10 reinforced concrete building demonstrate the advantages and limitations of each method.

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seismic analysis, stiffness, damping characteristics

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The Prajamandal movement in the princely state of Patna constituted an important chapter in the political awakening of the Garjat states of Odisha during the late colonial period. This article examines the historical background, socio-economic conditions, and political developments that led to the rise of popular resistance against princely autocracy in Patna State. Under British paramountcy, the Garjat states enjoyed considerable administrative autonomy, which often resulted in arbitrary governance, economic exploitation, excessive taxation, forced labour, and denial of civil rights. Although the nationalist movement initially had limited impact on the feudatory states, the spread of political consciousness during the 1930s gradually inspired the people of Patna to organise themselves against oppressive rule. The study analyses the role of the Orissa States Peoples' Conference, the Prajamandal movement, and the Krushak organisations in mobilising peasants, workers, and educated youth for responsible government and democratic reforms. It also highlights the findings of the Orissa States Enquiry Committee, which exposed the exploitative administrative practices prevailing in the state. The article further examines the influence of the Indian national movement, the response of the princely rulers through repression and political manoeuvring, and the significance of the Eastern States Union in the final phase of princely politics. The article argues that the Prajamandal movement in Patna State was not merely a regional protest against feudal oppression but an integral part of the wider democratic and nationalist struggle in India. The movement ultimately contributed to the political integration of the princely states with independent India and the establishment of democratic governance in Odisha following the merger of Patna State in 1948.

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Prajamandal Movement, Patna Garjat State, Political Awakening, Princely States, British Paramountcy, Orissa States Peoples' Conference, Integration of Princely States.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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ABSTRACT Education is the key to human development. It is a great leveller, social mobilizer and emancipator. It works as a catalyst in bringing social changes and is fundamental for achieving full human potential. An inclusive, equitable and just society, promoting economic prosperity and national harmony is the latest aspiration of young India which also aspires to become world's leading knowledge guru and global power player. With the rapidly changing global economic scenario and global ecosystem it has become imperative for rising India to go for a creative, multidisciplinary and innovative education system. An education system with highest quality, equity and integrity that thrust for character building of learners by enabling its learners to be ethical, rational, compassionate and caring as well as, preparing them for fulfilling purposeful gainful employment is key for a successful education system. One of the methods of increasing the level of education among deprived /marginalised groups of the society is inclusive education. It is basically, policy intervention programmes by government and non-government entities to increase the representation of people who have historically had low representations in educational institutions. They are support programmes for bridging inequalities by providing equity, incentives, financial support and quality education. Inclusive education has especially gained importance because India has signed in 2015 at New York "U.N. Agenda for Sustainable development" that aims to "ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all"

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Key words: Inclusive education, NEP 2020, Equitable access, Quality learning, Diversity

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Keywords: Spam Detection, Ham, Machine Learning, SMS Filtering, Feature Engineering, Text Preprocessing.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition