Volume 14 | Issue 5 |

 Abstract

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?????-19 ,??????? ,??????? ????????? ,??????? ?????? ,???? ?????

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This reflective case study, written from the perspective of a Science teacher, examines the learning profile of "Arjun" (pseudonym), a student in my Grade 7 classroom during the previous academic year (2025 - 26). Arjun presented with significant handwriting difficulties, phonetic spelling errors, and poor reading fluency--clinical features suggestive of dysgraphia. His baseline performance across subjects was 30-35%. Paradoxically, he demonstrated exceptional craft work abilities (designing borders and paper swords within 45 minutes), volunteered enthusiastically for house board decoration, never missed remedial classes, prepared meticulously for every session, and took detailed notes despite his writing struggles. Following a five-month positive reinforcement intervention using the classroom Performance Chart, Arjun's scores improved to 39-40% across most subjects--a modest but meaningful gain of approximately 5-10 percentage points. He remains below grade level (approximately 40% overall), but the improvement demonstrates that addressing performance deficits can yield progress even when underlying skill deficits remain. Most significantly, his parents immediately accepted referral for formal assessment after being informed of his struggles and progress. Assessment reports are pending. This paper reflects on the dissociation between handwriting and other fine motor skills, the importance of modest progress as a valid outcome, and the necessity of formal assessment alongside classroom intervention.

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 Keywords

Dysgraphia, learning disability, hidden strengths, modest progress, positive reinforcement, Performance Chart, teacher referral, parent collaboration

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The Heraka movement of the Zeliangrong Nagas (Zeme, Liangmai and Rongmei communities of modern Assam, Manipur and Nagaland) provides valuable lessons into native folk leadership and social reformation practices of the community. The movement, which started off under Haipou Jadonang and was subsequently led by Rani Gaidinliu, focused on spiritual rejuvenation, culture and moral discipline based on the veneration of the supreme who is Tingwang. Although it was culturally linked to going against colonial domination and defending the native culture, the Heraka movement is highly applicable in modern context, especially when speaking of women developing their communities. The example of Rani Gaidinliu leadership is one of the strongest illustrations of a woman who applies the spiritual, social, and political authority into her human society. The mobilisation of youth, the development of village institution like kelumki and the creation of collective identity are examples of how culturally based leadership models can be effective. With the modern developments of discourse, Heraka traditions emphasize the way the indigenous principles of cooperation, ethical behavior, and community involvement may motivate female leadership and grassroots development.

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Indigenous community, Heraka, Women, Development

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Rapid advances in client-side machine learning frameworks have made it feasible to execute deep neural network inference entirely within a web browser, without reliance on server infrastructure or specialized GPU hardware. This paper presents a unified, browser-based real-time object detection system built using React, Vite, and TensorFlow.js with the pre-trained COCO-SSD model. The system supports three distinct input modalities: live webcam streams, uploaded images, and uploaded video files. A key contribution is the accurate canvas overlay mechanism that dynamically computes scaling factors to ensure bounding boxes remain precisely aligned with detected objects regardless of display resolution or media size. The application further provides a real-time per-class object count panel aggregating inference results continuously across all modes. Operating entirely client-side, the system preserves user privacy, eliminates backend infrastructure costs, and enables zero-installation deployment. Experimental evaluation demonstrates inference speeds of 18-36 FPS for webcam mode on standard consumer hardware, with an overall F1-score of 92.4%, a confusion matrix validated per-class precision averaging 93.2%, and high bounding box alignment accuracy across all three input types.

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object detection; TensorFlow.js; COCO-SSD; browser-based machine learning; client-side AI;

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Prevalance,Anemia,Multimodal intervention ,adolescent girls

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Few questions in Indian sports law are as simultaneously urgent and underexplored as the regulation of doping. India carries one of the worst global records for anti-doping rule violations, yet for decades it ran its enforcement machinery without any dedicated statute -- relying instead on a patchwork of society-registered rules that courts could, and did, question at will. This paper traces the arc of that story: from NADA's earliest years as a body with authority but no legislative teeth, through the enactment of the National Anti-Doping Act in 2022, to the sweeping reform proposals contained in the National Anti-Doping (Amendment) Bill, 2025. Along the way, it examines India's obligations under the WADA Code and the UNESCO Convention Against Doping in Sports, and asks honestly how well the domestic framework has lived up to those commitments. The paper pays particular attention to three recurring failures that have plagued enforcement -- the 2019 suspension of the National Dope Testing Laboratory, the problem of inadvertent doping among under-educated athletes, and the procedural shortcomings of NADA's disciplinary panels. It also brings the constitutional dimension into focus, looking at how anti-doping sanctions interact with athletes' fundamental rights under Articles 14, 19, and 21 of the Constitution. The paper closes with concrete reform suggestions drawn from comparative experience and the specific contours of India's sporting ecosystem.

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Anti-Doping, NADA India, WADA Code, National Anti-Doping Act 2022, Sports Law, Athlete Rights, Doping Rule Violations, NDTL, Strict Liability, Constitutional Rights.

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This paper examines Abraham Verghese's The Covenant of Water through the lens of blue humanities, focusing on the spatial differentiation between Kerala's inland backwater environments and the coastal urban seascape of Kochi. The central argument posits that the contrast between familiar backwater environments and the threatening yet fascinating open sea exemplifies blue humanities' exploration of how different aquatic spaces shape human relationships with water--from intimate, domesticated waterways to the sublime and riveting open ocean. This paper reveals a critical gap in current blue humanities scholarship, which has predominantly focused on oceanic studies while neglecting the cultural significance of rivers, backwaters, and other inland water systems, particularly in postcolonial contexts, by focusing on a journey that transforms from the known domesticity of river travel to the anxiety-inducing vastness of harbor waters.

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Blue Humanities, known to unknown, Hydroscapes

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This study uses a multi-sectoral examination of diplomacy, media, nationalism, digital governance, and strategic communication to look at how India-China ties changed between 2020 and 2026. It contends that the June 2020 conflict in the Galwan Valley signaled a significant break in the post-Cold War system of "managed competition," which had previously allowed both governments to strike a balance between strategic rivalry and economic collaboration. According to the study, this break represents the shift from the hopeful "Wuhan Spirit" of leader-driven diplomacy to the hostile "Galwan Reality," which is marked by increasing structural mistrust, militarized coexistence, and ideological conflict. Using a qualitative and interdisciplinary research methodology, the study draws upon media discourse analysis, strategic studies literature, diplomatic developments, and digital communication frameworks to examine the evolving architecture of distrust between the two states. The study illustrates how the conflict spread beyond the Line of Actual Control (LAC) into the domains of digital media, information ecosystems, and public consciousness by drawing on viewpoints from international relations, media studies, political communication, and strategic studies. In order to explain how geopolitical competition has increasingly emerged through narratives, algorithms, visual symbolism, and online emotional mobilization, it presents the idea of the "Digital Border." The paper also makes a distinction between "visual warfare" and "information warfare," demonstrating how open-source intelligence, satellite photos, viral videos, and broadcast nationalism changed the politics of perception both during and after the Galwan incident. The study also examines how journalism contributes to the development of conflicting nationalist narratives in China and India. China's controlled propaganda architecture and the economically motivated "Newsroom Nationalism" of Indian media are analyzed as opposing but similar systems of patriotic mobilization. Chinese state-controlled media fostered disciplined "defensive nationalism" focused on sacrifice, unity, and party legitimacy, while India's pluralistic media environment promoted performative nationalism through sensationalist programming and social media activism. In both situations, there was less room for diplomatic restraint and independent examination as journalism became intricately linked to strategic official goals. The study contends that the post-Galwan era marks the beginning of an extended "Cold Peace" in Asia by placing the rivalry between China and India within the larger framework of hybrid conflict and communication power. Although economic interdependence still exists, military readiness, digital securitization, strategic balance, and conflicting civilizational narratives are taking center stage. In the end, the study argues that in an era where narratives themselves serve as strategic weapons, the future of India-China relations will depend not only on border talks or military deterrence but also on both societies' capacity to handle the politics of perception, nationalism, and information warfare.

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 Keywords

India-China Relations, Galwan Valley, Media Discourse, Digital Border, Information Warfare, Nationalistic Mobilization, Foreign Policy, Geopolitics

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The Aimol, a Scheduled Tribe of Manipur, is a numerically small community with a population of 3,902 as per the 2011 Census. This paper examines key demographic indicators of the Aimol tribe using secondary data from the 2001 and 2011 Censuses. The objectives are to analyse the decadal growth rate, sex ratio, child sex ratio, literacy rate, and workforce participation rate. Results show a decadal growth rate of 2.12 per cent, compared with the Manipur ST average of 21.8 per cent, indicating demographic stagnation. Sex ratio stands at 976, and child sex ratio at 943. The literacy rate is 71.2 per cent, with a gender gap of 17.6 per cent. Workforce participation rate is 41.3 per cent, with 68.2 per cent of workers engaged as cultivators. The study highlights slow growth, gender disparity in education, and agrarian dependence. Targeted interventions under the Tribal Sub-Plan are suggested for female literacy and skill diversification. The findings provide baseline data for policy and future research on micro-tribes. Keywords: Aimol Tribe, Demography, Census 2011, Sex Ratio, Literacy, Manipur, Scheduled Introduction: Northeast India is home to over 200 Scheduled Tribes with diverse demographic characteristics. Manipur has 34 recognised STs, constituting 40.9 per cent of the state's population, as per the Census 2011. While major tribes are well documented, micro-tribes remain data-deficient. The Aimol are a Scheduled Tribe notified under the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950. Ethnologue 2024 classifies the Aimol language as endangered, with 3,900 speakers. They are concentrated in the Tengnoupal (earlier Chandel), Churachandpur, and Senapati districts of Manipur. Existing literature on Aimol is largely ethnographic. Singh 1998 provides a cultural profile, but demographic data is limited to 2001. The post-2001 demographic transition of the Aimol remains unexamined. Census 2011 provides disaggregated ST data in A-11 and ST-14 tables, enabling micro-level analysis. Understanding the demographic profile of small tribes is crucial for allocating Tribal Sub-Plan resources and implementing NEP 2020. Hence, the present study examines the demographic profile of the Aimol tribe using the 2011 Census. The study fills the research gap on micro-tribes and provides an empirical baseline for policymakers.

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Aimol Tribe, demography, census Govt of India

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India's Economic Reforms began on 24th July 1991 during the P.V. Narasimha Rao government with Manmohan Singh as the Finance Minister of India. This paper is an expansion of the original assessment of the Economic Reforms in India (2013), and includes the period from 1991 to 2024. Major policy events covered here include the Goods and Services Tax (GST) of 2017, the Unified Payment Interface (UPI) revolution, constitution of National Institution of Transforming India (NITI) Aayog replacing the Planning Commission (2015), demonetisation (2016), Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), Production Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes, and India emerging as the fifth largest economy in the world. The paper analyses India's economic reforms with a primary focus on economic developments while also taking note of the political economy dynamics in shaping policy making during various coalition governments ranging from those of the Indian National Congress (INC) United Progressive Alliance (UPA), to Bhartiya Janta Party (BJP) National Democratic Alliance (NDA) governments. While the paper acknowledges the ongoing structural issues, such as job creation and distress in agriculture, it highlights that the digital financial sector in India, foreign investment, and other macroeconomic indicators have undergone a paradigm shift over the past three decades.

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Economic Reforms, GDP, Fiscal Deficit, GST, UPI, Digital India, FDI, NITI Aayog.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition