Volume 14 | Issue 5 |

 Abstract

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global metabolic pandemic with an estimated 451 million people affected worldwide, with this figure being projected to increase to 693 million by 2045. Although effective, conventional antidiabetic pharmacotherapy is plagued by adverse effects, drug resistance, and high cost, fostering renewed scientific interest in plant-derived therapeutics. India contains an abundant source of ethnomedicinal plants with traditional applications in glycaemic management, many of which have not been fully characterized at the molecular level. Purposes: This is a review in which the evidence is systematically consolidated on (i) pharmacology of antidiabetic phytoconstituents, (ii) already established and emerging strategies of extraction and isolation, (iii) already validated pharmacological models of antidiabetic screening, and (iv) spectroscopic methodologies of structural characterization of bioactive compounds. Methods: A thorough literature review was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar using the following keywords: antidiabetic plants, phytoconstituents, bioactive compounds, ?-amylase inhibition, ?-glucosidase inhibition, LC-MS, GC-MS, and Indian medicinal plants. After quality appraisal, articles that were published between 2000 and 2024 were included. Findings: More than 400 plant species have been reported to have hypoglycaemic potential, with flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides and tannins being the major pharmacologically active classes. One of them is the inhibition of carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes (?-amylase and ?-glucosidase), stimulation of pancreatic insulin secretion, upregulation of GLUT4, and AMPK activation. Soxhlet extraction, Maceration, and Ultrasound-assisted extraction have been commonly used for isolation, whereas HR-LC-MS and GC-MS have been employed as gold standards for structural elucidation. The alloxan- and streptozotocin-induced rodent models continue to predominate as in vivo systems for the validation of antidiabetic agents. Conclusion: India harbors a scientifically underexplored phytochemical reservoir with high potential for the discovery of antidiabetic drugs. Fractionation guided by bioactivity, coupled with high-resolution spectroscopic detection, is a strong pipeline for revealing new, safe, and effective lead compounds. Molecular docking, ADMET profiling, and phase I/II clinical trials should be the focus of future research to translate preclinical results into therapeutic applications.

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 Keywords

Antidiabetic; Bioactive compounds; Ethnopharmacology; Extraction; Fractionation; Isolation; LC-MS; GC-MS; Medicinal plants; Phytoconstituents; ?-Amylase inhibition; ?-Glucosidase inhibition

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Modern engineering platforms increasingly operate under conditions that are difficult to predict using conventional control approaches. Treatment facilities, climate-control installations, and energy-management platforms are often developed as separate technical units with limited interaction between internal processes. While this configuration simplifies deployment and maintenance, it also reduces flexibility under unstable environmental and load conditions. In practical industrial environments, equipment performance is heavily influenced by fluctuations in temperature, humidity, resource quality, and consumption intensity. Industrial facilities, logistics networks, and compact autonomous installations all operate under different environmental constraints, requiring continuous adjustment of working parameters instead of fixed operating regimes. In my work within the intelligent household and environmental-technology sector, I have observed increasing demand for engineering systems capable of coordinating monitoring, regulation, and predictive operational management within a unified infrastructure. In particular, the engineering approaches developed by Aleksandr Mikhalevich demonstrate how adaptive control architectures can improve operational stability under variable environmental and industrial conditions. As technical environments become more dynamic, isolated subsystems are no longer sufficient for maintaining stable long-term performance. Higher efficiency is achieved when monitoring, environmental regulation, resource processing, and energy management operate within a coordinated control structure capable of responding to changing conditions in real time. The expansion of integrated engineering solutions has accelerated due to advances in sensor technologies, automated regulation, and predictive data analysis. These tools allow installations to adjust operating modes according to current system behavior, reducing unnecessary energy consumption and improving stability under variable loads. Under these conditions, engineering infrastructure increasingly functions as a connected control environment in which multiple technical processes operate within a shared regulatory framework rather than as isolated mechanical units.

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adaptive infrastructure, integrated control architectures, environmental regulation, predictive analytics, industrial automation, electrochemical reactors, intelligent monitoring, resource management, telemetry systems, autonomous regulation

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hearing loss there are often major obstacles when trying to share ideas with one another. This project has created an assistive communication system utilizing software to respond to these challenges and make communication more accessible. The proposed solution is a unified software platform utilizing both speech to text and text to speech technologies to provide effective communication between individuals with disabilities who have different methods of communicating. The system works by capturing sound from a user's voice via a microphone (capturing the audio) and converting it into text so that a user who cannot hear can read and understand what was said by the other user. Conversely, when a user who does not have vision inputs text, the system converts the text input into audio (speech) so that the visually impaired user can hear and understand what was said. The software is written in Python and makes use of several Python libraries including Speech Recognition for recognizing speech accurately and pyttsx3 for converting text into speech that sounds as natural as possible. This system is built to be low cost, easy to use and simple to set up without requiring any specialized hardware. This system can provide meaningful communication between individuals with disabilities nearly instantly, supporting fluid, real-time conversations. The performance testing showed the system provides good accuracy and performance under normal conditions and some performance limitations exist when there is significant noise present or the input is unclear. This system supports communication, increases independence and supports inclusive communities for those with visual or auditory impairments. This system also has a high probability of being used in real-world settings in many education, healthcare and daily communication environments, with future development possibilities such as multilingual support and advanced noise handling capabilities.

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Assistive Technology, Speech Recognition, Text-to-Speech, Artificial Intelligence, Accessibility

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The prevalent endocrine and metabolic condition known as Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOD), or Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), affects women who are of reproductive age. Due to intricate connections between genetic, hormonal, and environmental variables, it is typified by hyperandrogenism, chronic anovulation, and polycystic ovarian morphology. Its pathogenesis is primarily characterized by insulin resistance and dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis, which lead to metabolic disorders like obesity, dyslipidemia, and hyperinsulinemia. Infertility, hirsutism, irregular menstrual periods, and psychological problems including anxiety and depression are among the symptoms that women come with in clinical settings. Based on imaging and biochemical analysis, the diagnosis is made using the Rotterdam, NIH, or AE-PCOS criteria. A comprehensive and customized strategy combining pharmaceutical interventions, lifestyle changes, and nutraceutical support is needed for management. While natural substances like myo-inositol, N-acetylcysteine, alpha-lactalbumin, and Ceylon cinnamon show promise in enhancing insulin sensitivity and lowering oxidative stress, insulin-sensitizing medications like metformin continue to be the mainstay of treatment. In order to enhance long-term metabolic and reproductive results, future developments will prioritize precision medicine, gut microbiota modification, and treatments based on nanotechnology. In order to lower problems and improve the general quality of life for women with PCOD, early diagnosis and multidisciplinary therapy are crucial.

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Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOD), Insulin Resistance, Hyperandrogenism, Nutraceutical Therapy, Precision Medicine.

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Traditional healthcare and supply chain systems operate independently and rely heavily on manual processes, resulting in poor coordination, limited visibility, delayed decision- making, and inefficient resource utilization. In the healthcare sector, this leads to problems such as appointment congestion, lack of remote consultation facilities, delayed access to medicines, and inefficient management of medical records and supplies. Existing systems also lack intelligent support for predicting demand, managing inventory, and monitoring service usage patterns. To address these challenges, this project proposes an integrated digital platform that combines a telemedicine system with an AI- enabled digital supply chain framework. The telemedicine module allows patients to book appointments, consult doctors remotely, receive digital prescriptions, and access medical reports through an online platform. At the same time, artificial intelligence techniques are applied to analyze healthcare usage data, appointment trends, and medicine demand to support better planning and decision-making. AI-based analysis helps in predicting service demand, identifying resource shortages, and improving the availability of medical supplies and services. Compared to the existing system, the proposed solution reduces manual workload, improves accessibility to healthcare services, enhances decision accuracy, and enables efficient coordination between healthcare delivery and supply chain operations. The project demonstrates how integrating telemedicine with AI-driven digital supply chain concepts can improve healthcare accessibility, operational efficiency, and overall system reliability.

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Multimodal Deep Learning, YOLOv8, MobileNetV2, MFCC, Threat Detection, Public Safety

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Language is a living social system that reflects the thoughts, culture, history, and lifestyle of a people.

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d not happen overnight. Hindi became a part of Malayalam as a result of long-term cultural interactions through trade relations, administrative systems, the freedom struggle, educational policies, cinema, literature, labor migration, media, and social engagements. Today, Hindi words have naturally found a place in the daily conversation of an average Malayali. When Malayalis use words like "Bhai," "Yaar," "Shukriya," "Sarkar," "Kacheri," "Ma

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This reflective case study, written from the perspective of a Science teacher, examines the learning profile of "Arjun" (pseudonym), a student in my Grade 7 classroom during the previous academic year (2025 - 26). Arjun presented with significant handwriting difficulties, phonetic spelling errors, and poor reading fluency--clinical features suggestive of dysgraphia. His baseline performance across subjects was 30-35%. Paradoxically, he demonstrated exceptional craft work abilities (designing borders and paper swords within 45 minutes), volunteered enthusiastically for house board decoration, never missed remedial classes, prepared meticulously for every session, and took detailed notes despite his writing struggles. Following a five-month positive reinforcement intervention using the classroom Performance Chart, Arjun's scores improved to 39-40% across most subjects--a modest but meaningful gain of approximately 5-10 percentage points. He remains below grade level (approximately 40% overall), but the improvement demonstrates that addressing performance deficits can yield progress even when underlying skill deficits remain. Most significantly, his parents immediately accepted referral for formal assessment after being informed of his struggles and progress. Assessment reports are pending. This paper reflects on the dissociation between handwriting and other fine motor skills, the importance of modest progress as a valid outcome, and the necessity of formal assessment alongside classroom intervention.

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Dysgraphia, learning disability, hidden strengths, modest progress, positive reinforcement, Performance Chart, teacher referral, parent collaboration

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An Analytical Study of the Effectiveness of Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE) at Different Levels of School Education

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An Analytical Study of the Effectiveness of Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE) at Different Levels of School Education

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Abstract With its altering power structures, strategic rivalry, economic interdependence, and increasing contestation over maritime governance, the Indo-Pacific has become the primary geopolitical arena of the twenty-first century. The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad), which consists of the United States, Japan, Australia, and India, is at the core of this changing order. This paper looks at India's strategic position in the Quad and assesses how New Delhi uses the alliance to link regional maritime security issues with more general global governance and alliance frameworks. The study makes the case that India's involvement in the Quad represents a flexible theory of "multi-alignment" based on strategic autonomy rather than strict bloc politics or conventional alliance behavior. This study employs a qualitative, multidisciplinary methodology based on neoclassical realism theory, including discourse analysis and content analysis of official state communications, strategic studies literature, and contemporary diplomatic frameworks. The study focuses on the geopolitical environment of 2026, a year in which India leads the BRICS alliance alongside China and Russia and simultaneously strengthens its ties to Western strategic frameworks through the Quad. India's attempt to negotiate a fractured international system without becoming reliant on any one power center is exemplified by this dual positioning. The Quad's evolution from a loose consultative conversation to a useful strategic architecture that provides public goods is assessed in this study. The operational mechanisms of the Indo-Pacific Partnership for Maritime Domain Awareness (IPMDA), defense interoperability, semiconductor collaboration, digital infrastructure, and robust logistical frameworks are given special consideration. The study concludes by dissecting the enduring "China factor." This study contends that India's involvement in the organization indicates a balance-of-power policy intended to prevent unilateral coercion while maintaining regional multipolarity, despite Beijing's portrayal of it as an "Asian NATO." In order to optimize strategic flexibility, economic resilience, and national security, nations seek overlapping ties across rival geopolitical systems. The article concludes that India's approach to the Quad constitutes a new form of twenty-first-century statecraft.

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Keywords: Indo-Pacific, Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, Strategic Autonomy, Multi-Alignment, Balance of Power

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The integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) into English language teaching has fundamentally transformed the pedagogical landscape for developing speaking skills, particularly in contexts where learners face systemic barriers to oral proficiency. This paper presents a comprehensive review of prominent ICT tools - encompassing podcasting platforms, video-conferencing applications, language learning apps, artificial intelligence-powered pronunciation coaches, digital storytelling environments, and gamified speaking tools - and evaluates their pedagogical efficacy within established theoretical frameworks, including Communicative Language Teaching (CLT), the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), and Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development. Drawing on empirical studies and classroom-based research, the paper argues that strategically deployed ICT tools can substantially reduce affective barriers to spoken communication, promote authentic language use, and accelerate proficiency gains. Furthermore, the paper highlights the critical need to combine ICT integration with differentiated instructional approaches to address the linguistic heterogeneity characteristic of contemporary classrooms. Challenges including digital equity, teacher preparedness, and the risk of decontextualised technology use are critically examined. The paper concludes with implications for practitioners, curriculum designers, and policy makers committed to leveraging technology for meaningful oral language development.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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ICT tools, speaking skills, language teaching, technology-enhanced learning, oral communication, CEFR, communicative competence

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition